A Comprehensive Study of Key Electric Vehicle (EV) Components, Technologies, Challenges, Impacts, and Future Direction of Development

Un-Noor, Fuad; Padmanaban, Sanjeevikumar; Mihet‐Popa, Lucian; Mollah, Md. Nurunnabi; Hossain, Eklas

doi:10.3390/en10081217

Cited by 477 publications

(252 citation statements)

References 159 publications

(263 reference statements)

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“…The development of electronic switch devices has led to penetrations of power electronic applications in a power system [1,2], advanced control approaches, and more renewable energy sources [3], and on the other hand an increase in energy demands that has consequently led to increased environmental problems such as greenhouse gases being emitted from non-renewable energy sources [4,5]; all these factors have contributed to the appearance of new applications in power systems and have taken many forms in modern life [6]. One of these applications is the µgrid, a new concept for a power system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Constant Power Loads (CPL) with Microgrids: Problem Definition, Stability Analysis and Compensation Techniques

et al. 2017

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This paper provides a comprehensive review of the major concepts associated with the µgrid, such as constant power load (CPL), incremental negative resistance or impedance (INR/I) and its dynamic behaviours on the µgrid, and power system distribution (PSD). In general, a µgrid is defined as a cluster of different types of electrical loads and renewable energy sources (distributed generations) under a unified controller within a certain local area. It is considered a perfect solution to integrate renewable energy sources with loads as well as with a traditional grid. In addition, it can operate with a conventional grid, for example, by energy sourcing or a controllable load, or it can operate alone as an islanding mode to feed required electric energy to a grid. Hence, one of the important issues regarding the µgrid is the constant power load that results from the tightly designed control when it is applied to power electronic converters. The effect of CPL is incremental negative resistance that impacts the power quality of a power system and makes it at negative damping. Also, in this paper, a comprehensive study on major control and compensation techniques for µgrid has been included to face the instability effects of constant power loads. Finally, the merits and limitations of the compensation techniques are discussed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Constant Power Loads (CPL) with Microgrids: Problem Definition, Stability Analysis and Compensation Techniques

et al. 2017

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“…Heat generation from copper losses and iron losses are given as heat generation input in stator slot, stator winding, rotor slot and rotor winding. Equivalent thermal conductivities for stator lining and rotor lining models were employed in the model as represented by Equation (2). The effective thermal conductivity of air gap is calculated using Equation (5).…”

Section: Numerical Simulation Schemementioning

confidence: 99%

“…A cleaner alternative is the electric vehicle (EV) [2] and automakers are keen in seizing this new market opportunity. The heart of an EV is an electric motor [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-D Numerical Thermal Analysis of Electric Motor with Cooling Jacket

Rehman

Seong

2018

Energies

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Abstract:The need of a sustainable clean future has paved the way for environmental friendly electric vehicle technology. In electric vehicles, overloading is limited by the maximum temperature rise in the electric motor. Although an improved cooling jacket design is of vital importance in lowering the maximum temperature of the motor, there has not been as much study in the thermal analysis of motors compared to electromagnetic design studies. In this study, a three-dimensional steady state numerical method is used to investigate the performance of a cooling jacket using water as the primary coolant of a three-phase induction motor with special emphasis on the maximum temperature and the required pumping power. The effective thermal conductivity approach is employed to model the stator winding, stator yoke, rotor winding and rotor yoke. Heat transfer by induced air is treated as forced convection at the motor ends and effective conductivity is obtained for air in the stator-rotor gap. Motor power losses, i.e., copper and iron losses, are treated as heat generation sources. The effect of bearings and end windings is not considered in the current model. Pressure and temperature distributions under various coolant flow rates, number of flow passes and different cooling jacket configurations are obtained. The study is successful in identifying the hot spots and understanding the critical parameters that affect the temperature profile. The cooling jacket configuration affects the region of maximum temperature inside the motor. Increasing the number of flow passes and coolant flow rate decreases maximum motor temperature but results in an increase in the pumping power. Of the cooling jacket configurations and operating conditions investigated, a cooling jacket with six passes at a flow rate of 10 LPM with two-port configuration was found to be optimal for a 90-kW induction motor for safe operation at the maximum output.

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“…The ripple components of the generator speed and the output power are also eliminated and the parameters are subjected within the rated value. Figure 7 shows the pitch angle control strategy [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33].…”

Section: Radial Basis Function Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coordinated Control Strategies for a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Based Wind Energy Conversion System

2017

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Abstract:In this paper, a novel co-ordinated hybrid maximum power point tracking (MPPT)-pitch angle based on a radial basis function network (RBFN) is proposed for a variable speed variable pitch wind turbine. The proposed controller is used to maximise output power when the wind speed is low and optimise the power when the wind speed is high. The proposed controller provides robustness to the nonlinear characteristic of wind speed. It uses wind speed, generator speed, and generator power as input variables and utilises the duty cycle and the reference pitch angle as the output control variables. The duty cycle is used to control the converter so as to maximise the power output and the reference pitch angle is used to control the generator speed in order to control the generator output power in the above rated wind speed region. The effectiveness of the proposed controller was verified using MATLAB/Simulink software.

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A Comprehensive Study of Key Electric Vehicle (EV) Components, Technologies, Challenges, Impacts, and Future Direction of Development

Cited by 477 publications

References 159 publications

Constant Power Loads (CPL) with Microgrids: Problem Definition, Stability Analysis and Compensation Techniques

Constant Power Loads (CPL) with Microgrids: Problem Definition, Stability Analysis and Compensation Techniques

Three-D Numerical Thermal Analysis of Electric Motor with Cooling Jacket

Coordinated Control Strategies for a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Based Wind Energy Conversion System

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