A Comprehensive Study and Analysis of LEACH and HEED Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks – With Suggestion for Improvements

Anitha, G.; Vijayakumari, V.; Thangavelu, Shankar

doi:10.11591/ijeecs.v9.i3.pp778-783

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…However, there is a negative impact on the network's cluster heads' (CHs) in LEACH distribution when carrying out rounds [33]. In addition, the comparison in Table 1 demonstrates that the HEED protocol outperforms the LEACH protocol [36]. HEED protocol maximizes network lifetime by reducing communication costs and utilizing residual energy in sensors.…”

Section: Hybrid Energy-efficient Distributed Clustering Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Perfect Security Key Management Method for Hierarchical Wireless Sensor Networks in Medical Environments

2023

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Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have developed during the past twenty years as a result of the accessibility of inexpensive, short-range, and simple-to-deploy sensors. A WSN technology sends the real-time sense information of a specific monitoring environment to a backend for processing and analysis. Security and management concerns have become hot topics with WSN systems due to the popularity of wireless communication channels. A large number of sensors are dispersed in an unmonitored medical environment, making them not safe from different risks, even though the information conveyed is vital, such as health data. Due to the sensor′s still limited resources, protecting information in WSN is a significant difficulty. This paper presents a hierarchical key management method for safeguarding heterogeneousWSNs on hybrid energy-efficient distributed (HEED) routing. In the proposed method, the Bloom scheme is used for key management and a pseudo-random number generator (PRNG) to generate keys in an efficient method to keep sensor resources. In addition, using cipher block chaining-Rivest cipher 5 (CBC-RC5) in this method achieved cryptography goals such as confidentiality. A comparison is made between the proposed and existing methods such as dynamic secret key management (DSKM) and smart security implementation (SSI) under the same circumstance to determine the performance of the new method. The data transmission in WSN consumes about 71 percent of a sensor′s energy, while encryption computation consumes only 2 percent. As a result, our method reduces the frequency with which data transmissions are made during the key management process. The simulation findings demonstrated that, in comparison to earlier techniques, the proposed method is significantly more secure, flexible, scalable, and energy-efficient. Our proposed method is also able to prevent classifications of node capture attacks.

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Section: Hybrid Energy-efficient Distributed Clustering Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Perfect Security Key Management Method for Hierarchical Wireless Sensor Networks in Medical Environments

2023

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“…The H-HEED protocol re-computes the cluster centers with a new assignment of nodes and allocates a node to clusters until clusters do not change for a given number of iterations. However, in this protocol, several iterations are performed to form the clusters and select a CH, this is an overhead that consumes a significant amount of energy [97]. Nevertheless, the proposed scheme increased the network lifetime of the sensor nodes by 63% [98].…”

Section: (A) Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (Leach)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Efficiency for Green Internet of Things (IoT) Networks: A Survey

Farhan

Hameed

Ahmed

et al. 2021

Network

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The last decade has witnessed the rise of the proliferation of Internet-enabled devices. The Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming ever more pervasive in everyday life, connecting an ever-greater array of diverse physical objects. The key vision of the IoT is to bring a massive number of smart devices together in integrated and interconnected heterogeneous networks, making the Internet even more useful. Therefore, this paper introduces a brief introduction to the history and evolution of the Internet. Then, it presents the IoT, which is followed by a list of application domains and enabling technologies. The wireless sensor network (WSN) is revealed as one of the important elements in IoT applications, and the paper describes the relationship between WSNs and the IoT. This research is concerned with developing energy-efficiency techniques for WSNs that enable the IoT. After having identified sources of energy wastage, this paper reviews the literature that discusses the most relevant methods to minimizing the energy exhaustion of IoT and WSNs. We also identify the gaps in the existing literature in terms of energy preservation measures that could be researched and it can be considered in future works. The survey gives a near-complete and up-to-date view of the IoT in the energy field. It provides a summary and recommendations of a large range of energy-efficiency methods proposed in the literature that will help and support future researchers. Please note that the manuscript is an extended version and based on the summary of the Ph.D. thesis. This paper will give to the researchers an introduction to what they need to know and understand about the networks, WSNs, and IoT applications from scratch. Thus, the fundamental purpose of this paper is to introduce research trends and recent work on the use of IoT technology and the conclusion that has been reached as a result of undertaking the Ph.D. study.

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“…Energy utilization is consistent among the normal nodes and cluster heads of a cluster. The cluster heads consume high energy when data is transmitted to the station at the base as compared to normal sensor nodes [15]- [18]. This is because information needs to be collected and forwarded by the nodes from other nodes deployed in the network.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It develops a hierarchy in the first stage and conveys information to the set-up and steady phases in the second [28]- [30]. The network is partitioned in clusters, and the head of a cluster is chosen for each cluster [18]. The cluster head is chosen reliant on the amount of energy left in the cluster and the distance between nodes in other clusters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved cluster to normal ratio protocol for increasing the lifetime of wireless sensor networks

Martey

Esenogho

2022

IJEECS

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<span>The wireless sensor network (WSN) is a decentralized network that allows sensor nodes to freely join and quit the network, making it a unique network type that varies from centralized systems in which the fusion center decides on entry and exit. However, one of the key drawbacks of these networks is that the sensor nodes are small and located in remote areas. As a result, energy usage must be efficiently managed. In order to limit energy consumption, an efficient clustering protocol approach is necessary, which may be performed by dividing the networks into clusters and selecting cluster heads depending on the remaining energy and sensor distance. The energy hole problem has an impact on the performance of an energy-efficient technique. As a result, this work aims to extend the lifespan of WSNs, the goal of this research is to make the cluster to normal ratio (CTNR) Protocol better. Data forwarding nodes are added to the CTNR protocol hierarchy to enable hopping and avoid consuming nodes in order to solve the energy hole problem (sink). The proposed method is implemented in Matlab, and the results are compared to literature on energy usage and the amount of dead and living nodes. In terms of the performance indicators given, the results reveal that our proposed scheme beat others.</span>

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A Comprehensive Study and Analysis of LEACH and HEED Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks – With Suggestion for Improvements

Cited by 13 publications

References 15 publications

A Perfect Security Key Management Method for Hierarchical Wireless Sensor Networks in Medical Environments

A Perfect Security Key Management Method for Hierarchical Wireless Sensor Networks in Medical Environments

Energy Efficiency for Green Internet of Things (IoT) Networks: A Survey

Improved cluster to normal ratio protocol for increasing the lifetime of wireless sensor networks

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