A comprehensive sounding of the ionospheric HF radio link from Antarctica to Spain

Ads, A. G.; Bergadà, Pau; Vilella, C.; Regue, J.-R.; Pijoan, J.L.; Bardají, R.; Mauricio, Joan

doi:10.1029/2012rs005074

Cited by 34 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The results obtained show similar performance as found in [4], but our analyses with the 2014 campaign can be done in a more precise way thanks to the change of the transmitter and the receiver system [5], as well as the higher number of sounding frequencies and hours of the day. Therefore, our previous soundings, performed with less detail, have been confirmed by the results of the analysis of the 2014 campaign.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

“…The sounding has been carried out for both narrowband and wideband to characterize the channel in terms of SNR, availability, multipath delay spread, Doppler spread and number of paths. These measurements of the long haul link improve the knowledge of the performance of the ionospheric channel that is 12,760 km long, together with previous work [4,5]. They also allow us, taking into account previous works on modulations [6][7][8], to complete the full definition of the physical layer to send the data of the remote sensors deployed across the island from Antarctica to Spain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Afterwards, a windowing is applied to: (i) remove the non-desirable signals from the reception frequency (which changes from 2 MHz to 30 MHz in the soundings); and (ii) avoid creating transients from the impulsive interferences falling far away from the reception frequency when an ideal filter is used. Previous tests showed that the Kaiser window presents a better, smoother response [5].…”

Section: Narrowband Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A minimum SNR value of 6 dB was specified to estimate the channel availability in a bandwidth of 10 Hz [4]. In order to improve the reliability of the detection system, due to the probability of high noise and interference, several techniques were developed in [5]. SNR is computed with the comparison between the received power measured during the tone intervals and the noise power measured during the idle periods.…”

Section: Narrowband Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since 2008, an enhanced transmitter and receiver were installed [5], and the oblique sounding observations can be widely recorded. The results presented in this paper shed light on the knowledge of this long haul link, but also help us to design the physical layer characteristics remaining from previous studies [6][7][8], where less carrier frequencies were used and the tests were not performed during the entire day.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Narrowband and Wideband Channel Sounding of an Antarctica to Spain Ionospheric Radio Link

et al. 2015

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La Salle and Ebro Observatory have been involved in remote sensing projects in Antarctica for the last 11 years (approximately one solar cycle). The Ebro Observatory has been monitoring and analyzing the geomagnetic and the ionospheric activity in the Antarctic Spanish station Juan Carlos I (ASJI) (62.7• S, 299.6• E) for more than eighteen and ten years, respectively. La Salle has two main goals in the project. The first one is the data transmission and reception from Antarctica to Spain to obtain a historical series of measurements of channel sounding of this 12,760-km ionospheric HF (high frequency) radio link. The second one is the establishment of a stable data low power communication system between the ASJI and Cambrils, Spain (41.0• N, 1.0 • E), to transmit the data from the remote sensors located on the island. In this paper, both narrowband and wideband soundings have been carried out to figure out the channel availability performed using a frequency range from 2 to 30 MHz with 0.5 MHz step during the 24 h of the day, encompassing wider channel measurements than previously done, in terms of hours and frequency. This paper presents the results obtained for the austral summer in 2014, using a monopole antenna at the transmitter and an inverted V on the receiver side. These results led us to the final physical layer design for the long Remote Sens. 2015, 7 11713 haul link, dividing the day into two parts: daytime, with low data throughput design, and nighttime, reaching high data throughput.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Narrowband Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Narrowband Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Narrowband and Wideband Channel Sounding of an Antarctica to Spain Ionospheric Radio Link

et al. 2015

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Sounding Methods in HF Sky Wave Communications

Orga¹,

Alsina-Pagès²,

Bergadà³

et al. 2022

Wiley Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

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The existence of the ionosphere as an electrically charged region in the atmosphere was suggested way back in 1839 by Friedrich Gauss. However, it was not until the 1920s that Edward Appleton proved that signals could be received without line of sight anywhere on the planet when emitting in high‐frequency ranges and by means of the ionosphere. The study of the ionosphere has widely attracted the interest of communication researchers due to its complexity regarding time and frequency dispersion. In this chapter, the techniques to characterize the ionospheric HF channel are reviewed. Also, the outcomes of the most relevant research projects working on that issue are provided. This chapter also gives the calculations required to conduct the study of channel availability, signal‐to‐noise ratio, multipath delay spread, and Doppler spread. Finally, the outcomes of these calculations are provided for a real case study involving a 12 760‐km long‐haul link from Antarctica to Europe.

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Digital transmission techniques for a long haul HF link: DSSS versus OFDM

et al. 2014

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This paper presents two digital transmission techniques for long haul ionospheric links. Since 2003 we have studied the HF link between the Antarctic Spanish Base, Juan Carlos I, and Spain; and we have described the link in terms of availability, signal-to-noise ratio, and delay and Doppler power profile. Based on these previous studies we have developed a test bed to investigate two digital transmission techniques, i.e., Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), which can provide a low power, low-rate ionospheric data link from Antarctica. Symbol length, bandwidth, and constellation are some of the features that are analyzed in this work. Data gathered from the link throughout the 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 Antarctic surveys show that the spread spectrum techniques can be used to transmit data at low rate when the channel forecast is poor, but when the channel forecast is good multicarrier techniques can be used to transmit sporadic bursts of data at higher rate.

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A comprehensive sounding of the ionospheric HF radio link from Antarctica to Spain

Cited by 34 publications

References 20 publications

Narrowband and Wideband Channel Sounding of an Antarctica to Spain Ionospheric Radio Link

Narrowband and Wideband Channel Sounding of an Antarctica to Spain Ionospheric Radio Link

Sounding Methods in HF Sky Wave Communications

Digital transmission techniques for a long haul HF link: DSSS versus OFDM

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