A Comprehensive Review on Thiophene Based Chemosensors

Abstract

The recognition and sensing of various analytes in aqueous and biological systems by using fluorometric or colorimetric chemosensors possessing high selectivity and sensitivity, low cost has gained enormous attention. Furthermore, thiophene derivatives possess exceptional photophysical properties compared to other heterocycles, and therefore they can be employed in chemosensors for analyte detection. In this review, we have tried to explore the design and detection mechanism of various thiophene-based probes, practical applicability, and their advanced models (design guides), which could be thoughtful for the synthesis of new thiophene-based probes. This review provides an insight into the reported chemosensors (2008-2020) for thiophene scaffold as effective emission and absorption-based chemosensors.

Dioxepine-Peri-Annulated PMIs—Synthesis and Spectral and Sensing Properties

“…There are plenty of scientifically proven environmental and health effects of metals, their cations, and their complexes, as well as several myths about their toxicity [ 3 ], but it is inarguable that their qualitative and quantitative detection is of utmost importance [ 4 ]. One of the most versatile and promising techniques for detecting and quantifying cations of interest are fluorescent sensors [ 5 ], which are capable of changing their emissions upon specific binding with the target analytes [ 6 ]. Such fluorometric probes provide excellent sensitivity, fast responses [ 7 ], and are widely applied in both optical imaging and analytical sensing [ 8 , 9 ].…”

Development of a Thiophene–Thiophene π-Conjugate Ultrasensitive Fluorescent Probe for Heavy-Metal Ions via Discrete Signaling: DFT Studies and Mechanistic Insights

“…Small-molecular fluorescent probes have appeared as efficient tools for progressive studies in numerous fields, for instance, in new drug discovery, cell biology, and the detection of cancer and environmental contaminants because of their great selectivity, sensitivity, cost effectiveness, versatility, and remarkable spatial and temporal resolution in cell imaging. − On the other hand, Schiff bases, due to their excellent chelating ability, exhibit a broad range of applications, including catalysis, biological activity in liquid crystals, and biomimetic modeling . In particular, polydentate hydrazones offer variable bonding ability, whereas thiophene derivatives can be feasibly prepared and serve as fluorescent signaling promoters for different analytes. − Remarkably, thiophene moieties entail a vast absorption co-efficient, exhibit strong photoluminescence properties, include long emission and absorption wavelengths, magnificent charge-transfer properties, a larger fluorescence quantum yield, and stabilize the conjugated chain with a highly polarized sulfur atom. − …”

Design rules for optimization of photophysical and kinetic properties of azoarene photoswitches

“…Azobenzene is the prototypical photoswitch; its photophysical and energy-storing properties are well-known, and it can be readily synthesized. [1][2][3] Azoarenes have been used for applications in materials science [4][5][6][7][8] and photopharmacology. [9][10][11] Azoarene photoswitches are a general class of azobenzene derivatives that offer considerable structural diversity and undergo light-promoted E➝Z isomerizations when irradiated with ultraviolet to infrared light.…”