A Comprehensive Review on the Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) in Concrete Production

Abstract

In the last few decades, the concrete industry has been massively expanded with the adoption of various kinds of binding materials. As a substitute to cement and in an effort to relieve ecofriendly difficulties linked with cement creation, the utilization of industrial waste as cementitious material can sharply reduce the amount of trash disposed of in lakes and landfills. With respect to the mechanical properties, durability and thermal behavior, ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) delineates a rational way to develop sustainable cement and concrete. Apart from environmental benefits, the replacement of cement by GGBS illustrates an adequate way to mitigate the economic impact. Although many researchers concentrate on utilizing GGBS in concrete production, knowledge is scattered, and additional research is needed to better understand relationships among a wide spectrum of key questions and to more accurately determine these preliminary findings. This work aims to shed some light on the scientific literature focusing on the use and effectiveness of GGBS as an alternative to cement. First and foremost, basic information on GGBS manufacturing and its physical, chemical and hydraulic activity and heat of hydration are thoroughly discussed. In a following step, fresh concrete properties, such as flowability and mechanical strength, are examined. Furthermore, the durability of concrete, such as density, permeability, acid resistance, carbonation depth and dry shrinkage, are also reviewed and interpreted. It can be deduced that the chemical structure of GGBS is parallel to that of cement, as it shows the creditability of being partially integrated and overall suggests an alternative to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). On the basis of such adjustments, the mechanical strength of concrete with GGBS has shown an increase, to a certain degree; however, the flowability of concrete has been reduced. In addition, the durability of concrete containing GGBS cement is shown to be superior. The optimum percentage of GGBS is an essential aspect of better performance. Previous studies have suggested different optimum percentages of GGBS varying from 10 to 20%, depending on the source of GGBS, concrete mix design and particle size of GGBS. Finally, the review also presents some basic process improvement tips for future generations to use GGBS in concrete.

Thermal properties, microstructure analysis, and environmental benefits of basalt fiber reinforced concrete

“…Calcium silicate hydrates (CSH) gel improved the binding properties of cement paste. [78][79][80][81][82] The increase was noticeably large 83 because Ca(O H) 2 was consumed in considerable quantities during the hydration process, which mainly happens when longer curing times are used for concrete.…”

Preparation and Application of Slag‐Based Catalyst for Steelmaking

“…Additionally, these metals may potentially enter water sources, ultimately disrupting aquatic ecosystems and posing risks to human health. [1,2,4,5] Therefore, against the backdrop of "carbon neutrality" and "peak carbon", the European Steel Association and the European Steel Technology Platform are committed to achieving the sustainable development of the steel industry. They collaboratively established the Clean Steel Partnership, proposing pathways for carbon dioxide emission reduction through technological advancements such as the "circular economy" in the steel sector.…”

“…[28][29][30] Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) is a mineral resource with high recycling value. [2,5,31] GGBS is a major industrial by-product generated during the pig iron smelting process in blast furnaces. It contains significant oxide components such as CaO, MgO, SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , the typical oxide composition percentages of blast furnace slag used in this study are as follows: CaO (41.6 wt%), MgO (7.68 wt%), SiO 2 (30.19 wt%), Al 2 O 3 (13.34 wt%), and Fe 2 O 3 (1.27 wt%).…”

“…GGBS demonstrates good thermal stability, strong chemical stability, and comprises Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , and TiO 2 , accounting for %45% of its composition, making it a suitable Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 -TiO 2 mixed carrier. [5,38,39] Mixed-supported catalysts exhibit enhanced surface acidity and wider active temperature windows compared to single-supported catalysts. [40] The research group involved in this study prepared a denitration catalyst with blast furnace slag as the carrier and loaded it with transition metals based on previous experiment section.…”

The influence of calcium oxide doses as an activator on the compressive strength and mechanical characteristics of cement-free mortar containing ground granulated blast furnace slag

“…GGBFS is a solid steel industrial waste, a by-product acquired from production of iron and steel products, which is rich in lime (CaO), silica (SiO2), and alumina (Al2O3). The global output of GGBS is around 530 million tonnes, with only 65 percent of it being used in the construction sector [5]. Consequently, there has been a lot of interest in using GGBFS as an advantageous construction material.…”