A comprehensive review on phytochemistry, pharmacology, and flavonoid biosynthesis ofScutellaria baicalensis

Abstract

Context:Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Lamiaceae) is a popular medicinal plant. Its roots are used as the famous traditional Chinese medicine Huang-Qin, which is recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia, European Pharmacopoeia, and British Pharmacopoeia.Objective: This review comprehensively summarizes research progress in phytochemistry, pharmacology, and flavonoid biosynthesis of S. baicalensis.Methods: English and Chinese literature from 1973 to March 2018 was collected from databases including Web of Science, SciFinder, PubMed, Elsevier, Baidu Scholar (Chinese), and CNKI (Chinese). Scutellaria baicalensis, chemical constituents, phytochemistry, biological activities, and biosynthesis were used as the key words.Results: A total of 126 small molecules (1–126) and 6 polysaccharides have been isolated from S. baicalensis. The small molecules can be classified into four structural types, namely, free flavonoids, flavonoid glycosides, phenylethanoid glycosides, and other small molecules. Extracts of S. baicalensis and its major chemical constituents have been reported to possess anti-viral, anti-tumor, anti-bacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective activities. Key steps in the biosynthetic pathways of Scutellaria flavonoids have also been summarized.Conclusions: This article could be helpful for researchers who are interested in the chemical constituents, bioactivities, biosynthesis, and clinical applications of S. baicalensis.

Chinese Herbal Medicine and Its Regulatory Effects on Tumor Related T Cells

“…These include inhibition of PGE2 synthesis and G 0 , G 1 , G 2 , and S phase arrest. Scutellaria also has neuroprotective and hepatoprotective affects (Wang et al, 2018b). In TCM, it is said to clear heat from the body and is typically used to eliminate toxins.…”

Growth years and post-harvest processing methods have critical roles on the contents of medicinal active ingredients of Scutellaria baicalensis

“…is considered as another key factor that affects the contents of medicinal active ingredients. Previous studies have shown that the contents of medicinal active ingredients in S. baicalensis after harvesting are closely related to enzyme activities in roots ( Wang et al, 2018b ; Zhao et al, 2016b ). The active ingredients such as baicalin and wogonoside in fresh roots are easily reduced in enzyme solution under humid environment or washing and soaking in water ( Liu, 2015 ).…”

Applications, phytochemistry, pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetics, toxicity of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. and its probably potential therapeutic effects on COVID-19: a review

“… Name Molecular formula Weight Plant part Ref. 1 Baicalein (5,6,7-Trihydroxyflavone) C 15 H 10 O 5 270 Root Hairy Root [ 37 ] 2 Methoxybaicalein (5,6-Dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavone) C 16 H 12 O 5 284 Root [ 117 ] 3 Scutellarein (5,6,7,4′-Tetrahydroxyflavone) C 15 H 10 O 6 286 Root [ 39 ] 4 5,6,7-Trihydroxy-4′-methoxyflavone C 16 H 12 O 6 300 Aerial part [ 38 ] 5 Oroxylin A (5,7-Dihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone) C 16 H 12 O 5 284 Root [ 37 ] 6 Tenaxin II (5,7,2′-Trihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone) C 16 H 12 O 6 300 Root [ 38 ] 7 5,7,4′-Trihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone C 16 H 12 O 6 300 Aerial part [ 38 ] 8 …”