A comprehensive review on hybrid electric vehicles: architectures and components

Abstract

The rapid consumption of fossil fuel and increased environmental damage caused by it have given a strong impetus to the growth and development of fuelefficient vehicles. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have evolved from their inchoate state and are proving to be a promising solution to the serious existential problem posed to the planet earth. Not only do HEVs provide better fuel economy and lower emissions satisfying environmental legislations, but also they dampen the effect of rising fuel prices on consumers. HEVs combine the drive powers of an internal combustion engine and an electrical machine. The main components of HEVs are energy storage system, motor, bidirectional converter and maximum power point trackers (MPPT, in case of solar-powered HEVs). The performance of HEVs greatly depends on these components and its architecture. This paper presents an extensive review on essential components used in HEVs such as their architectures with advantages and disadvantages, choice of bidirectional converter to obtain high efficiency, combining ultracapacitor with battery to extend the battery life, traction motors' role and their suitability for a particular application. Inclusion of photovoltaic cell in HEVs is a fairly new concept and has been discussed in detail. Various MPPT techniques used for solar-driven HEVs are also discussed in this paper with their suitability. Keywords Hybrid electric vehicle Á Hybrid energy storage system Á Architecture Á Traction motors Á Bidirectional converter Abbreviations and symbols ABS Antilock braking system AC Alternating current ADTR Antidirectional-twin-rotary ADVISOR Advanced vehicle simulator ANN Artificial neural network ASCI Auto-sequential commutated mode singlephase inverter BEV Battery electric vehicle BLDC Brushless DC motor CD Charge depletion CDFIM Cascaded DFIM CF-qZSI Current-fed quasi-ZSI CMPPT Centralized MPPT CS Charge sustaining CSI Current source inverter CS-PMSM Compound-structure PMSM CVT Continuous variable transmission DC Direct current DFIM Doubly fed induction motor DMPPT Distributed MPPT DRM Double-rotor machines DTC Direct torque control e-CVT Electronic continuous variable transmission EM Electric motor EMS Energy management system EREV Extended range electric vehicle ESS Energy storage system EV Electric vehicle FC Fuel cell

Review of Motors for Electrical Vehicles

“…An electric vehicle consists of three major subsystems; the energy source subsystem, the auxiliary subsystem and the electronic propulsion subsystem [3,11,12]. The electronic propulsion subsystem comprises an electronic controller, the power converter, the mechanical transmission and the electric motor.…”

“…For an electric motor to be successfully deployed as the drive for EVs, it should be highly efficient, it should have great power density and should be cost-effective [11]. Furthermore, motor drives in EVs, unlike industrial motors and conveyors, require; frequent start/stops, high rates of acceleration/deceleration, high torque at low speed, low torque at high-speed and wide speed ranges.…”

“…This application includes systems for home usage, regular vehicle and heavy-duty vehicles. Furthermore, the performance of motors depends mainly on vehicle duty cycle, thermal characteristics and the cooling mechanism implemented [11]. The classification of various motors used in traction is shown in Figure 2.…”

“…The BLDC motor offers excellent power density as compared with other motors, higher torque, reduced operational and mechanical noise, and elimination of electromagnetic interference and offers excellent efficiency. Hence, this motor is the most popular in EV application [11].…”

Electrical Vehicles: Current State of the Art, Future Challenges, and Perspectives

“…These include electric hybrid cars that use thermal motors in series or parallel to electric motors, as well as EVs with fuel cells. Another separation of EVs is based on the source of energy type [8].…”