A Comprehensive Review of Alzheimer’s Association with Related Proteins: Pathological Role and Therapeutic Significance

Abstract

: Alzheimer’s is an insidious, progressive, chronic neurodegenerative disease which causes the devastation of neurons. Alzheimer's possess complex pathologies of heterogeneous nature counting proteins as one major factor along with enzymes and mutated genes. Proteins such as amyloid precursor protein (APP), apolipoprotein E (ApoE), presenilin, mortalin, calbindin-D28K, c-reactive protein, heat shock proteins (HSPs), and prion protein are some of chief elements in the foremost hypotheses of AD like amyloid-beta (Aβ) cascade hypothesis, tau hypothesis, and cholinergic neuron damage etc. Disturbed expression of these proteins results in synaptic dysfunction, cognitive impairment, memory loss, and neuronal degradation. On the therapeutic ground, attempts of developing anti-amyloid, anti-inflammatory, anti-tau therapies are on peek having APP and tau as putative targets. Some proteins e.g. HSPs which ameliorate oxidative stress, calpains which helps in regulating synaptic plasticity, and calmodulin-like skin protein (CLSP) with its neuroprotective role are few promising future targets for developing anti-AD therapies. On diagnostic grounds of AD C-reactive protein, pentraxins, collapsin response mediator protein-2, and growth-associated protein-43 represents the future of new possible biomarkers for diagnosing AD. The last few decades were concentrated over identifying and studying protein targets of AD. Here, we reviewed the physiological/pathological roles and therapeutic significance of nearly all the proteins associated with AD that addresses putative as well as probable targets for developing effective anti-AD therapies.

Chemical Profiling and Dose-Dependent Assessment of Fear Reducing and Memory-Enhancing Effects ofSolanum virginianumin Rats

“…3 Among numerous brain diseases, Alzheimer's disease (AD), anxiety and depression are reported to predominantly affecting individuals and their families. 4 Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevailing illness presenting memory loss in elder individuals that has affected 24 million populace worldwide. 5 The disease encompasses an initial decline in cognition that gradually influences all intellectual functions resulting in an individual's dependency on others for basic daily activities.…”

“…3 Among numerous brain diseases, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), anxiety and depression are reported to predominantly affecting individuals and their families. 4 …”

Sodium Butyrate Protects N2a Cells against Aβ Toxicity In Vitro

“…Aβ is produced by the cleavage of APP by βand γ-secretase [29]. Previous studies have found that the overexpression of APP led to the increase of Aβ, which is closely related to the occurrence of AD [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43]. It has been shown that BHBA can improve cognitive behavior in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model.…”

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“…Besides, some studies show that in aging, the neuronal repair processes and the expression of growth factors that promote neurogenesis decrease (Dahan et al., 2020). Therefore, aging is a crucial factor in several neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases (Kandlur et al., 2020; Kumar et al, 2020).…”