A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of Grapsoidea crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura) based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) genes

Review of grapsoid families for the establishment of a new family for Leptograpsodes Montgomery, 1931, and a new genus of Gecarcinidae H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Grapsoidea MacLeay, 1838)

“…Recent molecular data confirmed that Grapsoidea does not form a monophyletic group (Tsang et al 2014;Chu et al 2015;Basso et al 2017;Xin et al 2018;Wolfe et al in press). Despite the superfamily Grapsoidea, such as many superfamilies in Eubrachyura, suffering from the lack of consistent diagnosis, without clear apomorphies, we have used by convenience this superfamilial name in the present study to limit the investigations.…”

“…The poorly known and probably paraphyletic Pseudohelice is for the moment not included in the subfamily because of its sternal features: median line and median septum only developed on sternite 7 and very small or absent on sternites 5 and 6 (Sakai et al Genetic studies including Helice and allied genera are related to their intrarelationships (e.g. Shih & Suzuki 2008;Yin et al 2009;Zang et al 2009;Ituarte et al 2012;Xu et al 2012) or interrelationships (Kitaura et al 2002;Schubart et al 2006;Xu 2010;Xin et al 2017a;Tang et al 2018 remArks Davie & N. K. Ng ( 2007) have listed the unique apomorphies of the subfamily, e.g. frontal margin with short distinct lateral sulcus just posterior to lateral frontal margin, and separated from inner orbital margin (in other Varunidae frontal margin continuous with orbital margin); mxp3 not gaping when closed (more or less gaping in Varuninae, Cyclograpsinae and Gaeticinae); mxp3 merus and ischium lacking visible longitudinal sulcus (distinctly visible in other varunine subfamilies); male pleon with segments 5 et 6 functionally fused, but sutures visible.…”

Organization of the mitochondrial genome of Ramulus irregulatiter dentatus (Phasmatidae: Phasmatidae)

“…Insect mitochondrial genomes ordinarily share similar elements with a 14–20 kb double-stranded circular molecule that consists of 37 genes (thirteen protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNAs, and 22 transfer RNA genes) and a control region (CR). Mitochondrial genomes have been used for determining phylogenetic relationships among insect orders, such as Corydalidae ( Zhang et al, 2020 ), Lepidopteran ( Dai et al, 2015 ), Decapoda ( Xin et al, 2018 ), and Phasmatodea ( Xu et al, 2021a ). Additionally, mitogenomes have been shown to be valuable in the investigation of phasmatodean molecular evolution, phylogenetics, phylogeography and population genetics ( Plazzi et al, 2011 ; Bradler et al, 2014 ).…”