A comprehensive global perspective on phylogenomics and evolutionary dynamics of Small ruminant morbillivirus

Abstract

A string of complete genome sequences of Small ruminant morbillivirus (SRMV) have been reported from different parts of the globe including Asia, Africa and the Middle East. Despite individual genome sequence-based analysis, there is a paucity of comparative genomic and evolutionary analysis to provide overarching and comprehensive evolutionary insights. Therefore, we first enriched the existing database of complete genome sequences of SRMVs with Pakistan-originated strains and then explored overall nucleotide diversity, genomic and residue characteristics, and deduced an evolutionary relationship among strains representing a diverse geographical region worldwide. The average number of pairwise nucleotide differences among the whole genomes was found to be 788.690 with a diversity in nucleotide sequences (0.04889 ± S.D. 0.00468) and haplotype variance (0.00001). The RNAdependent-RnA polymerase (L) gene revealed phylogenetic relationship among SRMVs in a pattern similar to those of complete genome and the nucleoprotein (N) gene. Therefore, we propose another useful molecular marker that may be employed for future epidemiological investigations. Based on evolutionary analysis, the mean evolution rate for the complete genome, N, P, M, F, H and L genes of SRMV was estimated to be 9.953 × 10-4 , 1.1 × 10-3 , 1.23 × 10-3 , 2.56 × 10-3 , 2.01 × 10-3 , 1.47 × 10-3 and 9.75 × 10-4 substitutions per site per year, respectively. A recombinant event was observed in a Pakistan-originated strain (KY967608) revealing Indian strains as major (98.1%, KR140086) and minor parents (99.8%, KT860064). Taken together, outcomes of the study augment our knowledge and current understanding towards ongoing phylogenomic and evolutionary dynamics for better comprehensions of SRMVs and effective disease control interventions.

Development of TaqMan-based real-time RT-PCR assay based on N gene for the quantitative detection of feline morbillivirus

“…In addition, P gene has been shown to have the highest rates of nucleotide polymorphisms, ranging from 88.6 to 99.3% [ 12 ]. Besides that, a study conducted on peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), another morbillivirus member, revealed that the L gene had the highest evolution rate at 9.75 × 10 − 4 site per year, while the N gene showed the lowest evolution rate at 1.1 × 10 − 3 site per year [ 21 ].…”

Development of Taqman-Based Real-Time RT-PCR Assay Based on N Gene for The Quantitative Detection of Feline Morbillivirus

“…Feline morbillivirus (FeMV) has been speculated to cause chronic kidney disease (CKD) and it is commonly detected in urine and kidney tissue samples. Previously, conventional assays such as RT-PCR and reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal ampli cation (RT-LAMP) have been developed targeting the L gene of FeMV [4,6,7,15,16]. However, these conventional assays were qualitative and required additional step of gel electrophoresis to visualize the PCR product.…”

“…In addition, P gene has been shown to have the highest rates of nucleotide polymorphisms, ranging from 88.6% to 99.3% [9]. Besides that, a study conducted on Peste des petits ruminant virus (PPRV), another Morbillivirus member revealed that the L gene had the highest evolution rate at 9.75 x 10 -4 site per year while the N gene showed the lowest evolution rate at 1.1 x 10 -3 site per year [15].…”

Virosome-based nanovaccines; a promising bioinspiration and biomimetic approach for preventing viral diseases: A review

“…VLPs is a biomimetic nanostructure that can induce strong immunologic responses and high titers of neutralizing antibodies to conformational epitopes. Gardasil is the VLPs based nanovaccine accessible on the market right now, in which VLPs composed of major capsid (L1) proteins of human papillomavirus (HPV) Types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58 [ [19] , [20] , [21] ].…”