A comprehensive assessment of refrigerants for cabin heating and cooling on electric vehicles

Wu, Jing; Zhou, Guoliang; Wang, Mingyu

doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115258

Cited by 57 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The traditional coolants have been prohibited owing to their environmental damage, such as R11 and R12, but the novel coolant is still under research for safety. 65 Herein, the general characteristics of coolant are introduced for evaluating the comprehensive performance. And the typical categories of classical or novel coolant are reviewed to deliver the potential material on the selection of coolant.…”

Section: Evaluation and Selection Of Coolantmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although HFCs are out of damage to ozonosphere, enormous GWP still limits the promotion of HFCs 73 . R134a and R32 are classical members of HFCs, 74‐76 but R134a is still moving away the application for EV owing to its large GWP 65 . Al‐Zareer et al 45 take the advantages of R134a through boiling to achieve the cooling of the batteries, and the results are validated to be efficient compared with air‐cooling and liquid‐cooling‐based systems according to the maximum temperature inside cells and difference within the cells.…”

Section: Evaluation and Selection Of Coolantmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Essential technologies on the direct cooling thermal management system for electric vehicles

Yang

Zhou

et al. 2021

Intl J of Energy Research

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As the increasing concern of degradation or thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries, direct cooling system on electric vehicles draws much attention and has been broadly researched. Although satisfactory energy efficiency and thermal performance can be achieved according to current appliances, in-depth discussion of system design and modeling is still necessary for providing mature applications. Herein, a comprehensive review of direct cooling system is presented, and essential components on the overall design are introduced as 4C chain (construction of the system, component modeling, cooling plate design, and coolant selection). Construction, coolant, cooling plate, and component modeling are presented independently for discussing the research progress, where detailed information is provided contributing to the selection of essential components. Moreover, the typical applications on electric vehicles of direct cooling are also investigated, and more productions are under research. Apart from system designing, the environmental fitness is also considered and the defects are summarized for system optimization.Considering to achieve future innovative application, digital twin model-based method is delivered for providing the guidance of prospective direct cooling system design, and the method enhances the potential to achieve better thermal management based on digital technologies and cloud-control platform. Based on the innovative development of cloud-controlling platform design and electronic and electrical architecture, the cloud battery controlling provides the chances for online elaborate model-based operation and precise model-based controlling strategy for novel direct cooling system. Novelty StatementA comprehensive review on the general construction of system is presented, and essential components of direct cooling system are also summarized for optimizing the system efficiency. The article highlights the research profile of

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Section: Evaluation and Selection Of Coolantmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Evaluation and Selection Of Coolantmentioning

confidence: 99%

Essential technologies on the direct cooling thermal management system for electric vehicles

Yang

Zhou

et al. 2021

Intl J of Energy Research

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“…Looking for new environmentally friendlier refrigerants for mobile air conditioning units has become one of the hottest research topics in the field of EVs in recent years [5]. Thanks to its negligible GWP, zero ozone depletion potential (ODP), non-toxicity, nonflammability and favorable thermo-physical properties [6,7], CO 2 (R744) has become one of the most preferred working fluids for cooling systems of vehicles [8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coupling Effect of Air Flow Rate and Operating Conditions on the Performance of Electric Vehicle R744 Air Conditioning System

et al. 2021

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The air flow rate on the gas cooler side is one of the key parameters affecting the performance and running safety of transcritical CO2 electric vehicle air conditioning systems. After experimentally analyzing the effects of the air volume flow rate in the gas cooler on the cycle parameters and system performance, a novel method to evaluate the optimal air flow rate was proposed. In addition, the effect of the gas cooler air volume flow rate on the key performance parameters of the system (e.g., optimal discharge pressure) was explored. Finally, the coupling effects of the compressor speed, ambient temperature and optimal air flow rate on the system performance was also exhaustively assessed. It was found that as the discharge temperature, the CO2 temperature at the gas cooler outlet and the discharge pressure did not vary more than ±2%, the corresponding gas cooler air volume flow rate was optimal. For the single-row and dual-process microchannel evaporator used in this work, the recommended value of the optimal gas cooler air volume flow rate was 2500 m3·h−1. The results could provide reference for the fan speed design of electric vehicle CO2 air conditioning systems, especially for the performance under idling model.

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“…The problem of research on BTMS was also highlighted by Akinlabi and Solyali [5] (2020), who identified the incorrect temperature distribution in the battery pack (primarily in the significant temperature difference) as the cause of the main problems related to the battery operation. Jing et al [6] (2020) stressed the importance of environmental aspects in the design of vehicle cooling systems and presented the results of a research study aimed at a detailed analysis of the operating medium in terms of environmental aspects. Shen and Gao [7] (2020) focused on the properties of the cooling medium in liquid-cooled battery systems and their impact on cooling efficiency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Optimalization of the Electric Bus Radiator in Terms of Noise Emissions and Energy Consumption

Głogoza¹,

Janicka²,

Włostowski³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The dynamic development of electromobility poses challenges to designers regarding not only the efficiency of energy transformation but also the battery life, which is influenced by the stability of its operating temperature. Designing cooling systems is connected not only with the optimization of energy management but also with other environmental parameters, such as noise emission. The paper presents the numerical optimization of an innovative radiator for use in electric buses in terms of energy consumption and noise emission. The results of the numerical studies were verified in laboratory and field conditions, showing a very good convergence of the model with the results of the experiments.

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A comprehensive assessment of refrigerants for cabin heating and cooling on electric vehicles

Cited by 57 publications

References 13 publications

Essential technologies on the direct cooling thermal management system for electric vehicles

Essential technologies on the direct cooling thermal management system for electric vehicles

Coupling Effect of Air Flow Rate and Operating Conditions on the Performance of Electric Vehicle R744 Air Conditioning System

Numerical Optimalization of the Electric Bus Radiator in Terms of Noise Emissions and Energy Consumption

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