A completely slot die coated membrane electrode assembly

Stähler, Markus; Stähler, Andrea; Scheepers, Fabian; Stolten, Detlef

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.02.016

Cited by 47 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…These processes can efficiently produce MEAs at high speed, at low cost, and at high volume. In this context, significant progress and improvement has been made via the decal transfer method [ 298 , 299 , 300 ] for MEA preparation, with the advantage that the method presents homogenous coating of a porous transport layer, approaching a commercial reality in cost, break-in time, and cost for automotive transportation applications. However, as mentioned in this report, there remain two primary technical challenges to be addressed in the MEA.…”

Section: Membrane–electrode Assembly (Mea): Preparation and Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs): Advances and Challenges

Tellez-Cruz¹,

et al. 2021

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The study of the electrochemical catalyst conversion of renewable electricity and carbon oxides into chemical fuels attracts a great deal of attention by different researchers. The main role of this process is in mitigating the worldwide energy crisis through a closed technological carbon cycle, where chemical fuels, such as hydrogen, are stored and reconverted to electricity via electrochemical reaction processes in fuel cells. The scientific community focuses its efforts on the development of high-performance polymeric membranes together with nanomaterials with high catalytic activity and stability in order to reduce the platinum group metal applied as a cathode to build stacks of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) to work at low and moderate temperatures. The design of new conductive membranes and nanoparticles (NPs) whose morphology directly affects their catalytic properties is of utmost importance. Nanoparticle morphologies, like cubes, octahedrons, icosahedrons, bipyramids, plates, and polyhedrons, among others, are widely studied for catalysis applications. The recent progress around the high catalytic activity has focused on the stabilizing agents and their potential impact on nanomaterial synthesis to induce changes in the morphology of NPs.

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Section: Membrane–electrode Assembly (Mea): Preparation and Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs): Advances and Challenges

Tellez-Cruz¹,

et al. 2021

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“…In this work, it is assumed that an additional so-called concentration overpotential is insignificantly low for PEM electrolyzers, as current densities of more than 14 A cm −2 were measured without showing this phenomenon in a previous work [29].…”

Section: Hydrogen Production Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the Efficiency of PEM Electrolyzers through Membrane-Specific Pressure Optimization

Scheepers

Stähler

et al. 2020

Energies

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Hydrogen produced in a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolyzer must be stored under high pressure. It is discussed whether the gas should be compressed in subsequent gas compressors or by the electrolyzer. While gas compressor stages can be reduced in the case of electrochemical compression, safety problems arise for thin membranes due to the undesired permeation of hydrogen across the membrane to the oxygen side, forming an explosive gas. In this study, a PEM system is modeled to evaluate the membrane-specific total system efficiency. The optimum efficiency is given depending on the external heat requirement, permeation, cell pressure, current density, and membrane thickness. It shows that the heat requirement and hydrogen permeation dominate the maximum efficiency below 1.6 V, while, above, the cell polarization is decisive. In addition, a pressure-optimized cell operation is introduced by which the optimum cathode pressure is set as a function of current density and membrane thickness. This approach indicates that thin membranes do not provide increased safety issues compared to thick membranes. However, operating an N212-based system instead of an N117-based one can generate twice the amount of hydrogen at the same system efficiency while only one compressor stage must be added.

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“…Ohmic losses are governed by the membrane resistance, however the use of thin reinforced membranes (in combination with recombination catalysts) to reduce cell voltage has not been demonstrated with current cutting‐edge anodic PTL materials such as foams, grids, meshes, and sintered materials, due to the high PTL surface roughness and heterogeneous contact pressure distribution. Stähler et al characterized cells with thin membranes of 20 µm thickness, obtaining current densities of up to 11 A cm −2 at 2 V and 80 °C using carbon‐based gas diffusion layers (Toray TGP‐H‐120) known from the field of PEMFC . These feature smooth surfaces and mechanical flexibility in contrast to the state‐of‐the‐art titanium based materials but are prone to electrochemical corrosion when used on the anode side.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hierarchically Structured Porous Transport Layers for Polymer Electrolyte Water Electrolysis

Schuler

Ciccone

Krentscher³

et al. 2019

Advanced Energy Materials

118

162

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renewable power, from wind or solar by medium-to-long-term storage using hydrogen as the energy vector, [1,2] enabling effective decarbonisation of the energy sector. [3] PEWE converts electric power by electrochemical water splitting into storable chemical energy. [4][5][6][7] Hydrogen can be reconverted to power or used in other sectors, [8,9] such as fuel cell based mobility [10] and chemical industries. [11] To make hydrogen production with polymer electrolyte water electrolysis a technoeconomically relevant contender, capital and operational cost need to be reduced substantially. [12][13][14][15] Operational cost, which becomes the main cost driver for operation schemes with high duty ratio (≥6000 h p.a.), is governed by power prices and the hydrogen production efficiency of the PEWE plant, which in turn strongly depends on the electrochemical performance and efficiency of the PEWE cell technology employed. [16] The electrochemical efficiency is governed by the underlying electrochemical loss mechanisms of kinetic, ohmic, and mass transport losses, whereas capital cost is driven by limited power density and high noble metal catalyst loadings.Recent studies revealed that the structure of the interface between the anodic porous transport layer (PTL) and the catalyst layer (CL) is a crucial factor limiting cell efficiency. [17][18][19][20][21] Today's PEWE technology relies on porous, Ti based, transport layer materials in the form of sintered materials [17,18,[22][23][24][25] with original applications in filtration [26] or medical tissue growing. [27][28][29] The lack of PTL materials with suitable surface characteristics tailored for this application inhibits the further improvement of cell efficiency and development of PEWE technology.Kinetic losses are governed by the sluggish kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The related overpotential depends on intrinsic catalyst parameters, such as specific exchange current density, activation energy, and number of active catalyst sites. [30] It has been established with model experiments such as optical imaging of the PTL/CL interface [19,20,31] and correlation of in-depth electrochemical analysis with PTL surface structure [17,18] that the catalyst is only partially utilized and CL domains not directly contacted by the porous Timaterials showed no gas evolution hence no electrochemical activity. Schuler et al. [17,18] have quantified the effect, showing

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A completely slot die coated membrane electrode assembly

Cited by 47 publications

References 26 publications

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs): Advances and Challenges

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs): Advances and Challenges

Improving the Efficiency of PEM Electrolyzers through Membrane-Specific Pressure Optimization

Hierarchically Structured Porous Transport Layers for Polymer Electrolyte Water Electrolysis

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