A Complete Analysis of HA and NA Genes of Influenza A Viruses

Shi, Weifeng; Lei, Fumin; Zhu, Chao‐Dong; Sievers, Fabian; Higgins, Desmond G.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014454

Cited by 40 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 68 publications

(94 reference statements)

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“…In addition, 5 gull species had AIVs of completely Eurasian lineage. In these 7 viruses, all 8 segments were most closely related to Eurasian lineage viruses and fell within previously identified Eurasian clades [14], [15]. Of the Eurasian lineage viruses, several had highly similar segments (Figure 1).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 69%

“…In these 2 viruses, all 8 segments were most closely related to American lineage viruses and fell within previously identified American clades [14], [15]. Both viruses (along with 2 Eurasian lineage viruses) were first detected in a mixed flock of gulls captured on the same day.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…Within each of these segments clear genetic differences have evolved between the Eurasian and American viruses, including the 2 NS alleles and most HA and NA subtypes [12], [14], [15]. With increased availability of genetic data, American AIV segments are more frequently being detected in Eurasia and Eurasian AIV segments are more frequently being detected in the Americas [12], [16]–[20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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North Atlantic Migratory Bird Flyways Provide Routes for Intercontinental Movement of Avian Influenza Viruses

Dusek

Hallgrímsson

et al. 2014

PLoS ONE

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Avian influenza virus (AIV) in wild birds has been of increasing interest over the last decade due to the emergence of AIVs that cause significant disease and mortality in both poultry and humans. While research clearly demonstrates that AIVs can move across the Pacific or Atlantic Ocean, there has been no data to support the mechanism of how this occurs. In spring and autumn of 2010 and autumn of 2011 we obtained cloacal swab samples from 1078 waterfowl, gulls, and shorebirds of various species in southwest and west Iceland and tested them for AIV. From these, we isolated and fully sequenced the genomes of 29 AIVs from wild caught gulls (Charadriiformes) and waterfowl (Anseriformes) in Iceland. We detected viruses that were entirely (8 of 8 genomic segments) of American lineage, viruses that were entirely of Eurasian lineage, and viruses with mixed American-Eurasian lineage. Prior to this work only 2 AIVs had been reported from wild birds in Iceland and only the sequence from one segment was available in GenBank. This is the first report of finding AIVs of entirely American lineage and Eurasian lineage, as well as reassortant viruses, together in the same geographic location. Our study demonstrates the importance of the North Atlantic as a corridor for the movement of AIVs between Europe and North America.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 69%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 60%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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North Atlantic Migratory Bird Flyways Provide Routes for Intercontinental Movement of Avian Influenza Viruses

Dusek

Hallgrímsson

et al. 2014

PLoS ONE

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“…Therefore, they are regarded as a potential “mixing vessel” for avian and human influenza and the main intermediate host for AI viruses to make the appropriate genetic changes in order to infect humans [83-85]. However, there was no evidence that pigs had transmitted wholly AI viruses of H5N1 and other subtypes to humans [86].…”

Section: Inter-host Transmission Of Hpai H5n1mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospective of Genomics in Revealing Transmission, Reassortment and Evolution of Wildlife-Borne Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Viruses

Lei¹,

Shi

2011

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The outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 disease has led to significant loss of poultry and wild life and case fatality rates in humans of 60%. Wild birds are natural hosts for all avian influenza virus subtypes and over120 bird species have been reported with evidence of H5N1 infection. Influenza A viruses possess a segmented RNA genome and are characterized by frequently occurring genetic reassortment events, which play a very important role in virus evolution and the spread of novel gene constellations in immunologically naïve human and animal populations. Phylogenetic analysis of whole genome or sub-genomic sequences is a standard means for delineating genetic variation, novel reassortment events, and surveillance to trace the global transmission pathways. In this paper, special emphasis is given to the transmission and circulation of H5N1 among wild life populations, and to the reassortment events that are associated with inter-host transmission of the H5N1 viruses when they infect different hosts, such as birds, pigs and humans. In addition, we review the inter-subtype reassortment of the viral segments encoding inner proteins between the H5N1 viruses and viruses of other subtypes, such as H9N2 and H6N1. Finally, we highlight the usefulness of genomic sequences in molecular epidemiological analysis of HPAI H5N1 and the technical limitations in existing analytical methods that hinder them from playing a greater role in virological research.

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“…Influenza A viruses of 16 hemagglutinin (HA) and 9 neuraminidase (NA) subtypes have been identified based on antigenic properties of the 2 surface glycoproteins, while RNAs encoding potential 17 HA and 10 NA subtypes have been detected based on sequence information alone (1)(2)(3)(4). Influenza viruses of the 16 HA and 9 NA subtypes can be found in waterfowls and shorebirds and can be divided into two major phylogenetic clades, one in the Americas and the other in Eurasia, with the latter containing a distinct Australian subclade (5,6).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%