Influenza A (H15N4) Virus Isolation in Western Siberia, Russia

Sivay, Mariya V.; Baranovich, Tatiana; Marchenko, Vasiliy Y.; Sharshov, Kirill; Govorkova, Elena A.; Shestopalov, А. М.; Webby, Richard J.

doi:10.1128/jvi.02521-12

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…However, other avian H1, H2, H4, H6, H9, and H11 subtypes have also been isolated from different gulls sporadically. Numerous viruses isolated from gulls and shorebirds have been studied in Russia, including H5N1, H6N1, H11N8, H13N6, H13N2, H13N8 and H16N3 subtypes [ 19 25 29 30 ]. Fourteen isolates of influenza A viruses of four different subtypes were obtained from wild birds belonging to the Laridae family in the territory of the Russian Far East Region, suggesting that gulls are a natural reservoir for influenza viruses [ 25 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental infection and pathology of clade 2.2 H5N1 virus in gulls

et al. 2016

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During 2006, H5N1 HPAI caused an epizootic in wild birds, resulting in a die-off of Laridae in the Novosibirsk region at Chany Lake. In the present study, we infected common gulls (Larus canus) with a high dose of the H5N1 HPAI virus isolated from a common gull to determine if severe disease could be induced over the 28 day experimental period. Moderate clinical signs including diarrhea, conjunctivitis, respiratory distress and neurological signs were observed in virus-inoculated birds, and 50% died. The most common microscopic lesions observed were necrosis of the pancreas, mild encephalitis, mild myocarditis, liver parenchymal hemorrhages, lymphocytic hepatitis, parabronchi lumen hemorrhages and interstitial pneumonia. High viral titers were shed from the oropharyngeal route and virus was still detected in one bird at 25 days after infection. In the cloaca, the virus was detected sporadically in lower titers. The virus was transmitted to direct contact gulls. Thus, infected gulls can pose a significant risk of H5N1 HPAIV transmission to other wild migratory waterfowl and pose a risk to more susceptible poultry species. These findings have important implications regarding the mode of transmission and potential risks of H5N1 HPAI spread by gulls.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental infection and pathology of clade 2.2 H5N1 virus in gulls

et al. 2016

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“…Until recently, the isolation of H15 viruses in birds was exclusive to Australia with only seven reported between 1979 and 1983. However, during a relatively recent surveillance of avian influenza viruses in western Siberia (2008) and Ukraine (2010), two new H15 viruses were isolated (17,18), demonstrating some spread of H15 viruses outside of Australia. Since western Siberia is the major junction of avian flyways, the new isolates suggest that H15 viruses could potentially spread to the rest of the world.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unique Structural Features of Influenza Virus H15 Hemagglutinin

Tzarum

McBride

Nycholat

et al. 2017

J Virol

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Influenza A H15 viruses are members of a subgroup (H7-H10-H15) of group 2 hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes that include H7N9 and H10N8 viruses that were isolated from humans during 2013. The isolation of avian H15 viruses is, however, quite rare and, until recently, geographically restricted to wild shorebirds and waterfowl in Australia. The HAs of H15 viruses contain an insertion in the 150-loop (loop beginning at position 150) of the receptor-binding site common to this subgroup and a unique insertion in the 260-loop compared to any other subtype. Here, we show that the H15 HA has a high preference for avian receptor analogs by glycan array analyses. The H15 HA crystal structure reveals that it is structurally closest to H7N9 HA, but the head domain of the H15 trimer is wider than all other HAs due to a tilt and opening of the HA1 subunits of the head domain. The extended 150-loop of the H15 HA retains the conserved conformation as in H7 and H10 HAs. Furthermore, the elongated 260-loop increases the exposed HA surface and can contribute to antigenic variation in H15 HAs. Since avian-origin H15 HA viruses have been shown to cause enhanced disease in mammalian models, further characterization and immune surveillance of H15 viruses are warranted. In the last 2 decades, an apparent increase has been reported for cases of human infection by emerging avian influenza A virus subtypes, including H7N9 and H10N8 viruses isolated during 2013. H15 is the other member of the subgroup of influenza A virus group 2 hemagglutinins (HAs) that also include H7 and H10. H15 viruses have been restricted to Australia, but recent isolation of H15 viruses in western Siberia suggests that they could be spread more globally via the avian flyways that converge and emanate from this region. Here we report on characterization of the three-dimensional structure and receptor specificity of the H15 hemagglutinin, revealing distinct features and specificities that can aid in global surveillance of such viruses for potential spread and emerging threat to the human population.

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“…For example, H14 and H15 are isolated only every few years across all sampled hosts, and to date only nine H15 viruses have been sequenced worldwide ( Rohm et al. 1996 ; Sivay et al. 2013 ; Muzyka et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Where do all the subtypes go? Temporal dynamics of H8–H12 influenza A viruses in waterfowl

et al. 2018

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Influenza A virus (IAV) is ubiquitous in waterfowl. In the northern hemisphere IAV prevalence is highest during the autumn and coincides with a peak in viral subtype diversity. Although haemagglutinin subtypes H1–H12 are associated with waterfowl hosts, subtypes H8–H12 are detected very infrequently. To better understand the role of waterfowl in the maintenance of these rare subtypes, we sequenced H8–H12 viruses isolated from Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) from 2002 to 2009. These rare viruses exhibited varying ecological and phylodynamic features. The Eurasian clades of H8 and H12 phylogenies were dominated by waterfowl sequences; mostly viruses sequenced in this study. H11, once believed to be a subtype that infected charadriiformes (shorebirds), exhibited patterns more typical of common virus subtypes. Finally, subtypes H9 and H10, which have maintained lineages in poultry, showed markedly different patterns: H10 was associated with all possible NA subtypes and this drove HA lineage diversity within years. Rare viruses belonging to subtypes H8–H12 were highly reassorted, indicating that these rare subtypes are part of the broader IAV pool. Our results suggest that waterfowl play a role in the maintenance of these rare subtypes, but we recommend additional sampling of non-traditional hosts to better understand the reservoirs of these rare viruses.

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Influenza A (H15N4) Virus Isolation in Western Siberia, Russia

Cited by 11 publications

References 19 publications

Experimental infection and pathology of clade 2.2 H5N1 virus in gulls

Experimental infection and pathology of clade 2.2 H5N1 virus in gulls

Unique Structural Features of Influenza Virus H15 Hemagglutinin

Where do all the subtypes go? Temporal dynamics of H8–H12 influenza A viruses in waterfowl

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