A comparison of β‐endorphin levels in regenerating and nonregenerating vertebrates

Vethamany‐Globus, Swani; Globus, Morton; Milton, G.

doi:10.1002/jez.1402270317

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…A few of these diabetic animals exhibiting total arrest in limb and tail regenerates eventually recovered from diabetes and showed signs of reactivation of blastemal formation as late as 44 days postamputation. Subsequent histological examination revealed large hypertrophied islets in the pancreas, strongly suggestive of a correlation between regeneration of the islets and reactivation of blastemal cell accumulation (25). In this regard, we also observed that somatostatin, a hypothalamic factor that has a known inhibitory effect on the release of INS, GH, thyroidstimulating hormone, PRL, and glucagon in mammals, also inhibits limb and tail regeneration in the adult newt (28).…”

Section: In Vivo Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…Hypophysectomized animals do not normally feed; starvation, together with the absence of ACTH-stimulated glucocorticoids, would explain the nonfunctional state of the pancreas. Hypophysectomized newts exhibited an extreme delay or total arrest of limb and tail regeneration (5,6). Second, sublethal pancreatectomy or alloxan treatment, resulting in a diabetic condition in newts, also resulted in greatly delayed and abnormal limb and tail regenerates.…”

Section: In Vivo Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…With suppressed glucocorticoid production, together with voluntary starvation, the hypophysectomized newt is in a perpetual state of hypoglycemia and the islets of Langerhans gradually atrophy (3)(4)(5)(6). Replacement therapy with INS would undoubtedly aggravate this hypoglycemic condition, resulting in the death of the newt.…”

Section: Hypophysectomy and Replacement Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based solely on our in vivo and in vitro findings that INS is an essential hormone in newt limb regeneration and that a combination of INS, GH, hydrocortisone, and THY maximizes cell proliferation and growth or innervated blastemal cultures (17,18,(24)(25)(26), it has now become customary to include INS alone or a combination of the above-mentioned hormones in cultures of blastemal tissues to promote cell proliferation and growth (27). Unfortunately, in interpreting the results from these experiments, there is a tendency to consider INS and other hormones as passive ingredients and to ignore the active, synergistic role(s) that these hormones might play, along with nerves in the parameter being measured.…”

Section: Addition Of Hormones To Blastema Culturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hormone action in newt limb regeneration: insulin and endorphins

Vethamany‐Globus

1987

Biochem. Cell Biol.

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Although several hormones have been linked to newt limb regeneration, a cohesive hypothesis as to how these hormones control the process is yet to emerge. A critical review of the traditional approaches and a reevaluation of currently operative assumptions and interpretations of results precede the data on insulin and beta-endorphin. Results from in vivo and in vitro experiments on insulin are summarized, showing that insulin not only promotes various cellular events but also is essential for the expression of the mitogenic effect of nerves on cultured newt limb blastemata. Furthermore, the strong likelihood that insulin may be the common link in promoting limb regeneration in hypophysectomized newts that received pituitary hormone replacement therapy or a nutritional supplement is discussed. The status of beta-endorphin in regeneration is also explored. Data are presented to show that vertebrates with regenerating capacity (newts, tadpoles) have higher levels of plasma beta-endorphin than that found in species where the capacity to regenerate is either restricted (frogs) or totally lost (mammals). beta-Endorphin-like immunoreactivity has been localized in the epidermis of a regenerating newt blastema, as well as in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland of axolotl, newt, and Xenopus. A possible opiate connection in vertebrate limb regeneration, in particular, wound healing, is discussed.

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Section: In Vivo Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 71%

Section: In Vivo Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Hypophysectomy and Replacement Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Addition Of Hormones To Blastema Culturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Hormone action in newt limb regeneration: insulin and endorphins

Vethamany‐Globus

1987

Biochem. Cell Biol.

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“…Possessing the triggering mechanism, the drug induces a cascade of in£ammatory-reparative reactions, which reduce the duration of all healing stages (Shekhter et al, 1988;Kohl et al, 1989). It has been found that the m-opiate receptor ligand b-endorphin has an important role in limb regeneration in nonmammalian vertebrates (Vethamany-Globus et al, 1983). Another group (Soledad Cepeda et al, 1993) examined the interactions between exogenous opioid analgesia and endogenous opioid generation at a site of burn-induced tissue injury.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Different Expression of μ-Opiate Receptor in Chronic and Acute Wounds and the Effect of β-Endorphin on Transforming Growth Factor β Type II Receptor and Cytokeratin 16 Expression

Bigliardi

Sumanovski

Büchner

et al. 2003

Journal of Investigative Dermatology

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There is evidence that neuropeptides, especially the opiate receptor agonists, are involved in wound healing. We have previously observed that beta-endorphin, the endogenous ligand for the mu-opiate receptor, stimulates the expression of cytokeratin 16 in a dose-dependent manner in human skin organ cultures. Cytokeratin 16 is expressed in hyperproliferative epidermis such as psoriasis and wound healing. Therefore we were interested to study whether epidermal mu-opiate receptor expression is changed at the wound margins in acute and chronic wounds. Using classical and confocal microscopy, we were able to compare the expression level of mu-opiate receptors and the influence of beta-endorphin on transforming growth factor beta type II receptor in organ culture. Our results show indeed a significantly decreased expression of mu-opiate receptors on keratinocytes close to the wound margin of chronic wounds compared to acute wounds. Additionally beta-endorphin upregulates the expression of transforming growth factor beta type II receptor in human skin organ cultures. These results suggest a crucial role of opioid peptides not only in pain control but also in wound healing. Opioid peptides have already been used in animal models in treatment of wounds; they induce fibroblast proliferation and growth of capillaries, and accelerate the maturation of granulation tissue and the epithelization of the defect. Furthermore opioid peptides may fine-tune pain and the inflammatory response while healing takes place. This new knowledge could potentially be used to design new locally applied drugs to improve the healing of painful chronic wounds.

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β‐Endorphins (β‐EP) in amphibians: Higher β‐EP levels during regenerating stages of anuran life cycle and immunocytochemical localization of β‐EP in regeneration blastemata

1984

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Plasma beta-endorphin (beta-EP) levels were measured at different stages of metamorphosis in anuran species, namely Rana catesbeiana, R. pipiens, and Xenopus laevis. The mean levels of beta-EP in tadpoles and postmetamorphic juveniles were significantly higher than adult levels in all three species examined. The pattern of high tadpole levels and low adult levels corresponds with the limb regeneration ability of the tadpole and restriction in the adult. We have also reported plasma beta-EP levels in two urodele species, Ambystoma tigrinum and A. jeffersonianum. Localization of beta-EP by immunocytochemistry shows bright fluorescence to beta-EP antiserum in the wound epithelium of the regeneration blastema. The mesoderm and nuclei of all blastema cells remain nonreactive. It is suggested that receptors to beta-EP reside in the epidermis.

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A comparison of β‐endorphin levels in regenerating and nonregenerating vertebrates

Cited by 6 publications

References 10 publications

Hormone action in newt limb regeneration: insulin and endorphins

Hormone action in newt limb regeneration: insulin and endorphins

Different Expression of μ-Opiate Receptor in Chronic and Acute Wounds and the Effect of β-Endorphin on Transforming Growth Factor β Type II Receptor and Cytokeratin 16 Expression

β‐Endorphins (β‐EP) in amphibians: Higher β‐EP levels during regenerating stages of anuran life cycle and immunocytochemical localization of β‐EP in regeneration blastemata

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