A comparison of the toxic and sub-lethal effects of fluvalinate and esfenvalerate on the twospotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Abstract

Holland, J.M. and Chapman, R.B., 1993. A comparison of the toxic and sub-lethal effects of fluvalinate and esfenvalerate on the twospotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae). Exp. Appl. Acarol., 18: 3-22.There was no difference in the dircct toxicity of fluvalinate and esfenvalerate to twospotted spider mite (TSSM). Tetralo'chus urticae Koch. adults. Thc residual toxicity LC5o of esfenvalerate was lower. Neither pyrethroid was toxic (<10% mortality) to TSSM eggs or adults at their recommendcd lield concentrations. Fluvalinate was twice as toxic (45~ mortality) than esfenvalerate to TSSM larw~e at 0.01 g.a,i L-~. The toxicity of the pyrethroids to TSSM protonymphs and deutonymphs was similar ( 16-28% mortality at 0.1 g a.i.I.--~). Dispersal from the treated surface was the main response to both pyrethroids by TSSM protonymphs, deutonymphs and adults. Maximum run-off by TSSM adults from fluvalinate and esfcnvalerate treated surfaces was found with 0.01 and 0.005 g a.i. L respectively. Spin-down from pyrethroid treated surfaces was positix.ely co~xelated with concentration. Oviposition was negatively correlated with concentration. Fluvalinatc caused greater rcductions in oviposition than esfenvalerate. Both pyrethroids reduced TSSM development rate from larval, protonymph and deutonymph stages, but fluvalinale caused larger reductions. Both pyrethroids prevented mating: for ten days oviposition 93% and 98% of offspring were male for esfenvalerate and fluvalinate respectively at 0.1 ~. o a.i. L ~. These findings are discussed with respect to the incidencc of pyrethroid induced mitc outbreaks.

<strong>Effects of sublethal concentrations of bifenthrin on the two-spotted spider mite, <em>Tetranychus urticae</em> (Acari: Tetranychidae)</strong>

“…The stimulation of populations caused by sublethal concentrations of pesticides is incompletely understood but may result from a suppression of natural enemies (Dutcher 2007;Raupp et al 2010;Abedi et al 2014), a stimulation of reproduction, an increase in egg hatching, and an enhancement of pre-imaginal survivorship (Zeng & Wang 2010). Pyrethroid application may also result in increases in mite populations (Gerson & Cohen 1989;Chen & Chen 1990;Holland et al 1993). In some studies, mites treated with pyrethroids deposited more eggs than untreated mites (Hall 1979;Penman et al 1988;Liu et al 1998).…”

“…Zhang et al (2012) reported that the response of a T. urticae population to LC 10 and LC 20 concentrations of fenpropathrin depended on the stage treated, i.e., the mite population was suppressed when eggs were treated but enhanced when adults were treated. As noted by Holland et al (1993), the effects of sublethal concentrations of insecticides on pests probably depend on the insecticide and its concentration, the pest species, and the pest stage (Liu et al 2012).…”

Sublethal Effects of Insecticide Exposure onMegacopta cribraria(Fabricius) Nymphs: Key Biological Traits and Acetylcholinesterase Activity

“…Furthermore, the fecundity of females was unaffected by exposure to either the LC 10 or the LC 40 concentration of imidacloprid. The differences in sublethal effects observed among insecticides and within insecticides by concentration should be expected, as it is known that these effects of insecticides on pests depend on the particular insecticide and its concentration, the pest species, and the pest stage ( Holland and Chapman 1993 , Pan et al 2014 ). Similar results have been reported by Tan et al (2012) , where a sublethal concentration (LD 25 ) of imidacloprid reduced the longevity of Apolygus lucorum males, but the LD 5 and LD 40 did not influence the longevity.…”

Comparative toxic and sublethal effects of fluvalinate on two-spotted spider mite and European red mite

“…The reproductive capability of both the TSM and ERM will be reduced to some extent, depending on the amount of exposure to fluvalinate and the development and survival of juvenile stages will also be reduced. Fluvalinate has also been found to inhibit mating resulting in the production of mainly male offspring (Holland and Chapman, 1994). In the field it is probably a combination of these factors which suppress spider mite populations and prevent outbreaks.…”

“…First-generation pyrethroids, such as permethrin and fenvalerate, are more likely to cause outbreaks than the more recent pyrethroids, e.g. fluvalinate (Holland and Chapman, 1994). Pyrethroid-induced outbreaks have been reported for nine different tetranychid species (Gerson and Cohen, 1989) with differences occurring between different species and strains.…”