A comparison of the levels and particle size distribution of lower chlorinated dioxin/furans (mono- to tri-chlorinated homologues) with those of tetra- to octa-chlorinated homologues in atmospheric samples
Abstract:h i g h l i g h t sSCl 1e3 DD/Fs accounted for 85% of SCl 1e8 DD/Fs in air samples. The mean concentration of SCl 1e3 DD/Fs was 5.4 times that of SCl 4e8 DD/Fs in the air. SCl 1e3 DD/Fs occurred mainly in the gas phase, and SCl 4e8 DD/Fs mainly in particles. SCl 1e3 DFs were the dominant form of SCl 1e3 DD/Fs in all particle size classes.
t r a c tThere is very little information on the levels and particle size distributions of lower chlorinated dibenzop-dioxins and dibenzofurans (mono-to tri-CDD/Fs, SCl 1e3 … Show more
“…This is important for the assessment of the atmospheric fate, as it suggests a high long-range transport potential of these pollutants. The MSDs leaning toward the submicron size range highlight the significance of NPAHs' and OPAHs' inhalation exposure of also the deep lung, which is consistent with other aromatic combustion by-products like the parent PAHs, 79 PCDD/Fs, 98 and nitrated monoaromatics. 70 Particulate PAH and quinones are strong radical sources, in particular close to the combustion sources.…”
Among the nitrated
and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(NPAHs and OPAHs) are some of the most hazardous substances to public
health, mainly because of their carcinogenicity and oxidative potential.
Despite these concerns, the concentrations and fate of NPAHs and OPAHs
in the atmospheric environment are largely unknown. Ambient air concentrations
of 18 NPAHs, 5 quinones, and 5 other OPAHs were determined at two
urban and one regional background sites in central Europe. At one
of the urban sites, the total (gas and particulate) concentrations
of Σ10OPAHs were 10.0 ± 9.2 ng/m3 in winter and 3.5 ± 1.6 ng/m3 in summer. The gradient
to the regional background site exceeded 1 order of magnitude. Σ18NPAH concentrations were typically 1 order of magnitude lower
than OPAHs. Among OPAHs, 9-fluorenone and (9,10)-anthraquinone were
the most abundant species, accompanied by benzanthrone in winter.
(9,10)-Anthraquinone represented two-thirds of quinones. We found
that a large fraction of the target substance particulate mass was
carried by submicrometer particles. The derived inhalation bioaccessibility
in the PM10 size fraction is found to be ≈5% of
the total ambient concentration of OPAHs and up to ≈2% for
NPAHs. For 9-fluorenone and (9,10)-anthraquinone, up to 86 and 18%,
respectively, were found at the rural site. Our results indicate that
water solubility could function as a limiting factor for bioaccessibility
of inhaled particulate NPAHs and OPAHs, without considerable effect
of surfactant lipids and proteins in the lung lining fluid.
“…This is important for the assessment of the atmospheric fate, as it suggests a high long-range transport potential of these pollutants. The MSDs leaning toward the submicron size range highlight the significance of NPAHs' and OPAHs' inhalation exposure of also the deep lung, which is consistent with other aromatic combustion by-products like the parent PAHs, 79 PCDD/Fs, 98 and nitrated monoaromatics. 70 Particulate PAH and quinones are strong radical sources, in particular close to the combustion sources.…”
Among the nitrated
and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(NPAHs and OPAHs) are some of the most hazardous substances to public
health, mainly because of their carcinogenicity and oxidative potential.
Despite these concerns, the concentrations and fate of NPAHs and OPAHs
in the atmospheric environment are largely unknown. Ambient air concentrations
of 18 NPAHs, 5 quinones, and 5 other OPAHs were determined at two
urban and one regional background sites in central Europe. At one
of the urban sites, the total (gas and particulate) concentrations
of Σ10OPAHs were 10.0 ± 9.2 ng/m3 in winter and 3.5 ± 1.6 ng/m3 in summer. The gradient
to the regional background site exceeded 1 order of magnitude. Σ18NPAH concentrations were typically 1 order of magnitude lower
than OPAHs. Among OPAHs, 9-fluorenone and (9,10)-anthraquinone were
the most abundant species, accompanied by benzanthrone in winter.
(9,10)-Anthraquinone represented two-thirds of quinones. We found
that a large fraction of the target substance particulate mass was
carried by submicrometer particles. The derived inhalation bioaccessibility
in the PM10 size fraction is found to be ≈5% of
the total ambient concentration of OPAHs and up to ≈2% for
NPAHs. For 9-fluorenone and (9,10)-anthraquinone, up to 86 and 18%,
respectively, were found at the rural site. Our results indicate that
water solubility could function as a limiting factor for bioaccessibility
of inhaled particulate NPAHs and OPAHs, without considerable effect
of surfactant lipids and proteins in the lung lining fluid.
“…S5 ) indicated close combustion sources and are consistent with the possible influence of wood burning. The MSDs peaking in the sub-micrometre size range highlight the significance of NMAHs’ inhalation exposure of the deep lung (Kitanovski et al 2020 ), similar to other aromatic combustion byproducts like the parent PAHs (Ringuet et al 2012 ) and polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and -furans (Zhang et al 2016 ). Fig.…”
Nitrated monoaromatic hydrocarbons (NMAHs) are ubiquitous in the environment and an important part of atmospheric humic-like substances (HULIS) and brown carbon. They are ecotoxic and with underresearched toxic potential for humans. NMAHs were determined in size-segregated ambient particulate matter collected at two urban sites in central Europe, Ostrava and Kladno, Czech Republic. The average sums of 12 NMAHs (Σ12NMAH) measured in winter PM10 samples from Ostrava and Kladno were 102 and 93 ng m−3, respectively, and 8.8 ng m−3 in summer PM10 samples from Ostrava. The concentrations in winter corresponded to 6.3–7.3% and 2.6–3.1% of HULIS-C and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), respectively. Nitrocatechols represented 67–93%, 61–73% and 28–96% of NMAHs in PM10 samples collected in winter and summer at Ostrava and in winter at Kladno, respectively. The mass size distribution of the targeted substance classes peaked in the submicrometre size fractions (PM1), often in the PM0.5 size fraction especially in summer. The bioaccessible fraction of NMAHs was determined by leaching PM3 samples in two simulated lung fluids, Gamble’s solution and artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF). More than half of NMAH mass is found bioaccessible, almost complete for nitrosalicylic acids. The bioaccessible fraction was generally higher when using ALF (mimics the chemical environment created by macrophage activity, pH 4.5) than Gamble’s solution (pH 7.4). Bioaccessibility may be negligible for lipophilic substances (i.e. log KOW > 4.5).
“…Furthermore, the distributions of organic pollutants in PM fractions can be used to identify the sources, behaviors, and environmental fate of pollutants. Consequently, the size-specific distribution of organic pollutants in the atmosphere has been widely investigated, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (Duan et al 2007;Kiss et al 1998), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) (Chuang et al 2015;Oh et al 2002;Zhang et al 2016;Zhang et al 2015), PCBs (Chen et al 1996;, polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) (Zhu et al 2016), organochlorine pesticides (Landlová et al 2014), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (Mandalakis et al 2009), hexabromocyclododecane (Okonski et al 2014), and tetrabromobisphenol A (Ni and Zeng 2013). Most of these studies showed that the pollutants tended to be concentrated in smaller particles.…”
Size-fractionated samples of urban particulate matter (PM; ≤1.0, 1.0-2.5, 2.5-10, and >10 μm) and gaseous samples were simultaneously obtained to study the distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the atmosphere in Beijing, China. Most recent investigations focused on the analysis of gaseous PCBs, and much less attention has been paid to the occurrence of PCBs among different PM fractions. In the present study, the gas-particle partitioning and size-specific distribution of PCBs in atmosphere were investigated. The total concentrations (gas + particle phase fractions) of Σ dioxin-like PCBs, Σ indicator PCBs, and ΣPCBs were 1.68, 42.1, and 345 pg/m, respectively. PCBs were predominantly in the gas phase (86.8-99.0 % of the total concentrations). The gas-particle partition coefficients (K ) of PCBs were found to be a significant linear correlated with the subcooled liquid vapor pressures (P) (R = 0.83, P< 0.01). The slope (m ) implied that the gas-particle partitioning of PCBs was affected both by the mechanisms of adsorption and absorption. In addition, the concentrations of PCBs increased as the particle size decreased (>10, 2.5-10, 1.0-2.5, and ≤1.0 μm), with most of the PCBs contained in the fraction of ≤1.0 μm (53.4 % of the total particulate concentrations). Tetra-CBs were the main homolog in the air samples in the gas phase and PM fractions, followed by tri-CBs. This work will contribute to the knowledge of PCBs among different PM fractions and fill the gap of the size distribution of particle-bound dioxin-like PCBs in the air.
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