A comparison of the efficacy of doramectin, closantel and levamisole in the treatment of the 'oriental eye fluke', Philophthalmus gralli, in commercially reared ostriches (Struthio camelus) : short communication

Mukaratirwa, Samson; Chimbwanda, M.; Matekwe, N.; Matenga, Elizabeth

doi:10.4102/jsava.v79i2.254

Cited by 9 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Trematodes in the genus Philophthalmus reside in the orbits of birds and are found worldwide in marine and fresh‐water habitats. P. gralli infections have been reported in ratites, including the Ostrich and Greater rhea 7–9 . The life cycle of P. gralli begins when a fully embryonated trematode egg is shed into the water from the definitive host’s eye 5 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In chickens, P. gralli adults have been shown to survive beyond 6 months 53 . Reported treatments for P. gralli have included manual removal of the trematodes and topical applications of creoline, 5% carbamate powder, and levamisole 4,9,21 . A commercial flock of ostriches ( Struthio camelus) with 15–17 P. gralli adults in each eye were treated with only mechanical removal of the flukes; however, no follow‐up examinations or success rates were reported.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2008, Mukaratirwa et al. 9 compared the effects of parenteral doramectin and closantel, and topical levamisole in the treatment of P. gralli . A positive but incomplete response was seen in levamisole‐treated ostriches only.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fresh‐water snail species, Melanoides tuberculatus and Tarebia granifera , have been identified as intermediate hosts for P. gralli. 4 Philophthalmus gralli infection has been experimentally induced in avian species through both ocular and oral inoculation, 1,5,6 and natural infections have been reported in ratites 7–9 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Outbreak of Philophthalmus gralli in four greater rheas (Rhea americana)

Church

Barrett

Swenson

et al. 2012

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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Using slit‐lamp biomicroscopy, conjunctival biopsy, and morphological identification, a flock of four Greater rheas (Rhea americana) in Arizona were diagnosed with conjunctivitis secondary to Philophthalmus gralli (P. gralli) infection. Aquatic snails from the exhibit’s water source were identified as Melanoides tuberculatus, a known vector for P. gralli. Comparison of partial sequences of DNA regions from P. gralli adults removed from the rheas and metacercariae from the aquatic snails demonstrated a 100% match, confirming the source of infection. The flock was divided into two treatment groups: the most severely affected rheas received both manual removal of trematodes and praziquantel 1% ointment OU q12 h and the least severely affected rheas were only given praziquantel 1% ointment OU q12 h. The rheas were permanently relocated away from the infected water source and aquatic snails. Initial resolution was seen at 17 weeks in the most severely affected rhea, which had 675 adult P. gralli removed and topical praziquantel. The two rheas that only received topical praziquantel showed resolution within 3 and 15 weeks. Current recommendations for treating P. gralli include: manual removal of trematodes, topical praziquantel 1% ointment, and relocation away from infected water sources and aquatic snails.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Outbreak of Philophthalmus gralli in four greater rheas (Rhea americana)

Church

Barrett

Swenson

et al. 2012

Veterinary Ophthalmology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…However, the ocular delivery of parenteral drugs is limited by the blood–retinal barriers and ocular perfusion, since the animal eyes have a relatively low blood supply when compared to other parts of the body [ 7 ]. A previous study also reported that the topical treatment in patient ostriches with P. gralli infestation by the levamisole in combination with chloramphenicol ointment is more effectiveness than that from the parenteral treatments of the doramectin and the closantel [ 8 ]. Topical ophthalmic drug delivery has been contemplated to be a theoretical medication for ocular disorders directly related to the ocular anterior segment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preclinical Evaluations of Modified Rice Hydrogel for Topical Ophthalmic Drug Delivery of Praziquantel on Avian Philophalmiasis

et al. 2021

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The present study aims to evaluate the efficacy of a novel drug delivery system of the modified rice hydrogel containing praziquantel (PZQ) against Philophthalmus gralli isolated from ostrich eyes and determine the toxicity of the preparation on chicken eye model. The parasiticidal activity of PZQ (0, 1, 10, and 100 µg/mL) was tested on P. gralli. The ophthalmic antiparasitic hydrogel was formulated with appropriate amount of PZQ and chemically modified rice gel. The parasitic morphology after exposure with the preparation was examined under scanning electron microscope (SEM). The anthelminthic efficacy of the preparation on motility and mortality of parasites was performed by visual inspection and vital dye staining. The ocular irritation of the preparation was evaluated for 21 days using standard avian model followed by OECD 405. The results demonstrated that the parasiticidal activity of PZQ against P. gralli appears to be in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. In addition, the concentration of PZQ 10 µg/mL (Chi squared test, p = 0.003) and exposure time for 24 h (log-rank test, p = 0.0004) is sufficient to kill parasites, when statistically compared to negative control group. Rice hydrogel containing a lethal concentration of 10 µg/mL PZQ was successfully prepared. The preparation illustrated good parasitic killing and motile inhibiting effect on P. gralli compared with PZQ 10 µg/mL and its control (p < 0.05). An appearance under SEM of non-viable parasite after being incubated with the preparation, showing parasitic deformity, was observed comparing with the viable parasite in 0.9% normal saline solution (NSS). Moreover, no irritation of chicken eyes was also observed. Our results contribute to understanding the efficacy and the safety of the rice hydrogel of PZQ which have a predictive value for controlling P. gralli on the animal eyes. However, the pharmacological application needs to be further investigated for the best possible therapeutic approach.

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