A comparison of the antinociceptive effects of xylazine, detomidine and romifidine on experimental pain in horses

Moens, Yves; Lanz, Francisca; Doherr, Marcus G.; Schatzmann, U.

doi:10.1046/j.1467-2995.2003.00105.x

Cited by 77 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(36 reference statements)

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“…134 Previous administration of the a 2 -antagonists idazodan and RX811059 significantly reduced (60-65%) the antinociceptive activity of xylazine. More recently, the effective analgesic properties of xylazine in lambs and horses were confirmed, 135,136 these findings supporting its use in the veterinary field. Finally, Ware and Paul 137 demonstrated that the antinociception produced by xylazine is crosstolerant with the antinociception produced by i.c.v.…”

Section: Sedazinementioning

confidence: 85%

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α₂‐Agonists as analgesic agents

Giovannoni¹,

Ghelardini²,

Vergelli³

et al. 2008

Medicinal Research Reviews

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It is well known that norepinephrine is involved in the control of pain by modulating pain-related responses through various pathways. alpha(2)-Adrenergic agonists have a well-established analgesic profile and, in the recent years, have found a wider application, in particular as adjunct to anesthetics and analgesics in perioperative settings. This review analyzes the alpha(2)-agonists currently in clinical use, starting from the prototype Clonidine, as well as the most promising and studied molecules. In addition, an overview of the imidazoles, imidazolines, and hydroxyethyl-thioureas derivatives published in both the open and patented literature is presented, providing chemical description and pharmacological data. Finally, the most commonly alpha(2)-agonists used in veterinary medicine are described.

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Section: Sedazinementioning

confidence: 85%

“…Romifidine is an a 2 -adreceptor agonist which was approved for use in horses as sedative and analgesic 142 for clinical procedures, to facilitate examination and as a pre-medication agent prior to general anesthesia (Sedivet 1 ).…”

Section: Romifidinementioning

confidence: 99%

α₂‐Agonists as analgesic agents

Giovannoni¹,

Ghelardini²,

Vergelli³

et al. 2008

Medicinal Research Reviews

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“…The main finding was that NWR and temporal summation thresholds increased almost threefold after systemic romifidine (0.08 mg/kg IV) and that this increase persisted up to 55 min after drug administration, confirming the antinociceptive action of this alpha-2 agonist (Moens et al 2003). Even if the difference was not statistically significant, it seemed that romifidine depressed the NWR more than the temporal summation threshold.…”

Section: Alpha-2 Agonistsmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…Several authors reported about their analgesic efficacy under experimental conditions, using both visceral and somatic pain models (Kamerling et al 1988, Elfenbein et al 2009, Robertson and Sanchez 2010. For romifidine, a commonly used alpha-2 agonist, controversial results had been published (Hamm et al 1995, Moens et al 2003. In order to contribute to the understanding of the antinociceptive activity of this particular drug in horses, the NWR model was applied for the first time in a pharmacological study.…”

Section: Alpha-2 Agonistsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The model of the Nociceptive Withdrawal Reflex in horses

Spadavecchia¹,

Rohrbach²,

Levionnois³

et al. 2016

PHK

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Summary: In equine pain research, the Nociceptive Withdrawal Reflex (NWR) model has been proposed as an alternative to classical thermal, mechanical and electrical models to investigate the physiology of nociception. This model does not only allow a more reliable definition of the nociceptive threshold through neurophysiological characterization of the elicited response , but also consents plotting a stimulus-response curve as well as the evaluation of temporal summation mechanisms. Aim of this report is to summarize the experience and results obtained using the NWR model in horses over the last 15 years, firstly with the purpose of describing its physiological characteristics and secondly with the aim of evaluating its pharmacological modulation through analgesic and anaesthetic compounds. The NWR can be elicited in horses through electrical transcutaneous stimulation of a peripheral sensory nerve and is recorded through electromyographic electrodes from the muscles involved in the withdrawal reaction. As the non-nociceptive fibres have lower threshold to electrical stimuli than the nociceptive one, it is impossible to differentiate between the two groups on the stimulus side. So, the only guidance to assess the quality of the stimulus and the recruitment of nociceptive afferents should rely on the characteristics of the electromyographic response, most of all on the timing of its various components. A reflex response can be considered to be a true NWR only if it appears within a time epoch compatible with the conduction velocity of the A fibers. Furthermore a clearly recognizable EMG burst in the epoch of interest has to be accompanied by a consistent aversive behavioural reaction, thus allowing the definition of a reliable NWR threshold. Responses to stimulation intensities below and above thresholds can be quantified to draw a stimulus response curve. Furthermore, through repeated stimulation at subthreshold intensities, it is possible to elicit the phenomenon of temporal summation, considered to be the early phase of the wind up phenomenon and of relevant interest to study central integrative mechanisms of pain processing. Alpha-2 agonists, opioids, systemic lidocaine, ketamine and inhalation anaesthetics have been investigated using the NWR model in horses. Drug-specific modulation of NWR threshold, stimulus-response curves and temporal summation are summarized for each tested compound.

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“…Thus, a clinical comparison between amitraz and romifidine, which is a potent alpha-2 agonist 24,25 , is proposed as an efficient method to establish possibilities of using amitraz as an intense and long lasting sedative for horses. The comparison between the amitraz 0.1 and 0.4mg/kg shows stronger effects at the higher dose.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparação dos efeitos da romifidina e de uma emulsão de amitraz na sedação e na atividade locomotora espontânea de eqüinos

Mendes

Reis

Valadão

et al. 2008

Braz. J. Vet. Res. Anim. Sci.

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Amitraz (AM) and romifidine (RMF), two alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists, produce sedative effect and decrease spontaneous locomotor activity (SLA) of horses. The behavioral effects and sedation after intravenous injection of RMF (0.06mg/kg) or AM 0.1mg/kg (AM 0.1) or AM 0.4mg/kg (AM 0.4) were compared in horses. RMF caused head ptosis (HP) until 45 min. The lower AM dose induced HP from 45 to 60 minutes and from 120 to 150 minutes, and the higher dose induced HP until 180 minutes. Data concerning changes in SLA were not conclusive. RMF or AM 0.4 caused a greater sedation than AM 0.1 until 20 min. After 20 minutes, the sedation caused by AM 0.4 was greater than that of RMF or AM 0.1. Romifidine caused consistent sedation until 45 minutes. The amitraz emulsion produced a dosedependent sedation until 180 minutes. Comparing to romifidine, the emulsion of amitraz induced a more substantial sedation. At dosages and dilution applied, amitraz is an effective sedative for horses.

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A comparison of the antinociceptive effects of xylazine, detomidine and romifidine on experimental pain in horses

Cited by 77 publications

References 15 publications

α₂‐Agonists as analgesic agents

α₂‐Agonists as analgesic agents

The model of the Nociceptive Withdrawal Reflex in horses

Comparação dos efeitos da romifidina e de uma emulsão de amitraz na sedação e na atividade locomotora espontânea de eqüinos

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A comparison of the antinociceptive effects of xylazine, detomidine and romifidine on experimental pain in horses

Cited by 77 publications

References 15 publications

α2‐Agonists as analgesic agents

α2‐Agonists as analgesic agents

The model of the Nociceptive Withdrawal Reflex in horses

Comparação dos efeitos da romifidina e de uma emulsão de amitraz na sedação e na atividade locomotora espontânea de eqüinos

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Product

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About

α₂‐Agonists as analgesic agents

α₂‐Agonists as analgesic agents