A comparison of relevant data and results from single pellet press research is Mission Impossible: A review

Berghel, Jonas; Ståhl, Magnus; Frodeson, Stefan; Pichler, Wilfried; Weigl-Kuska, Martin

doi:10.1016/j.biteb.2022.101054

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

References 70 publications

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“…Few studies on hydrochar pellets have been performed, and Gallant [7] discussed in their mini-review die temperatures, moisture contents, applied pressure, and types of binders when pelletizing hydrochar and found some recommendations related to pelletizing parameters of hydrochar. However, the experimental investigations behind recommendations are based on single pellet press techniques [6,7,23], and it has been shown that it is difficult to evaluate results between different single pellet press studies because inlet data in these studies often vary [28]. During single pellet press studies, parameters, such as press ratio, are not evaluated, and translating the result into a continuous pellet press is challenging.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forest Industrial Waste Materials Upgraded to Fertilizer Pellets for Forest Soil

Sandberg,

Frodeson,

Brunzell

et al. 2024

Sustainability

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In a circular economy, the efficient utilization of all materials as valuable resources, with a focus on minimizing waste, is paramount. This study shows the possibilities of upgrading the lowest-valued residuals from the forest industry into a new product with both liming and fertilizing properties on forest soil. Hydrothermal carbonized sludge mixed with bark and ash in the proportions of 45:10:45 was densified into fertilizer pellets that meet the nutrient requirements of 120 kg N per hectare when 7 tons of pellets is spread in forests. The pellets met a high-quality result according to durability and density, which were above 95% and 900 kg/m3. However, pellets exposed to wet and cold conditions lost their hardness, making the pellets dissolve over time. Small amounts, <5‰, of nutrients, alkali ions, and heavy metals leached out from the pellets under all conditions, indicating good properties for forest soil amendment. The conclusion is that it is possible to close the circle of nutrients by using innovative thinking around forest industrial residual products.

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