“…These studies have evaluated how food desert incidence is related to the geographic distribution of alternative food retailers (Colón-Ramos et al, 2018;Coughenour, Bungum, & Regalado, 2018;McDermot, Igoe, & Stahre, 2017;Vaughan, Cohen, Ghosh-Dastidar, Hunter, & Dubowitz, 2017), and have documented the shopping behavior of food desert residents with barriers in accessing transportation and varieties of grocery stores (Gray et al, 2018;Hardin-Fanning & Gokun, 2014;Ma et al, 2018;Zachary, Palmer, Beckham, & Surkan 2013). The geographic information system (GIS) is one of the most adopted techniques to measure households' spatial accessibility to food retail stores (e.g., Giang, Karpyn, Laurison, Hillier, & Perry, 2008;Michimi & Wimberly, 2010;Mulrooney, Beratan, McGinn, & Branch, 2017;Xu, 2014;Zenk, Schulz, Israel, James, Bao, & Wilson, 2005).…”