A Comparison of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in the Serum of Healthy Polish Dairy Goats with Those Naturally Infected with Small Ruminant Lentivirus in the Course of Lactation

Abstract

The present study examines the effects of natural infection by small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) in the two most common goat breeds in Poland, i.e., Polish white improved and polish fawn improved. It focuses on biomarkers of oxidative stress, oxidatively modified proteins and antioxidant defenses, ceruloplasmin level as an acute phase protein, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes in the goat serum. It was conducted on 24 goats divided into two equal groups: one SRLV-seropositive (SRLV-SP) and another SRLV-seronegative (SRLV-SN). Both groups were identical in terms of breed and parity. Despite infection, the SRLV-SP goats demonstrated no symptoms of caprine arthritis-encephalitis. In addition, the SRLV-SP goats did not reveal pronounced dysfunctions in oxidative stress biomarkers in the serum compared to the SRLV-SN animals. However, both groups demonstrated elevated levels of the aldehydic and ketonic derivatives of oxidatively modified proteins during the lactation period. In addition, both groups retained a high total antioxidant capacity in serum despite the decrease of enzyme antioxidant defenses throughout the 200-day lactation period.

Monthly Dynamics of Plasma Elements, Hematology, Oxidative Stress Markers, and Hormonal Concentrations in Growing Male Shiba Goats (Capra hircus) Reared in Tokyo-Japan

“…In addition, Celi et al [ 79 ] stated that the oxidative stress marker responded differently, resulting in a lack of correlation with other parameters during the peripartum period in goats. Copious studies demonstrate changes in oxidative stress markers concerning various physiological states including pregnancy, lactation, and feeding regime in goats [ 3 , 76 , 80 , 81 ], rather than the changes concerning age in the growing period of kids. Various factors are incriminated in the fluctuation of oxidative stress markers.…”

“…Trace minerals, particularly Cu and Zn, constitute a functional component to maintain SOD activity, whereas Se is closely related to GPX [ 82 ]. Unfortunately, most ruminant studies on oxidative stress are related to single insults, especially diseases and nutrition regimes, and physiological alterations in these parameters are still lacking [ 81 ]. Here, we have to say that the fluctuation in the levels of the reported measurements in the current study in association with oxidative stress markers could be ascribed to different stressors associated with changes in the metabolic states due to weaning, the active phase of development of body organs, reproductive changes associated with puberty, and environmental insults necessary for immunologic maturation.…”

Acute Phase Proteins as Biomarkers in Perspective to Animal Diseases Diagnosis

“…However, another study by Reczyńska et al (2018a) reported an elevated level of APPs (Serum amyloid A) in the serum of subclinical and asymptomatic groups infected with SRLV, while a decrease in the concentration of SAA and Cp (Fig. 4) in the milk of asymptomatic infected goat was evident (Kurhaluk et al 2021).…”

“…It also infects epithelial cells too. The virus is single standard RNA virus and is difficult to eliminate because it persists in the latent form in the infected animal for months to years (Jarczak et al 2016;Górecka-Bruzda et al 2019;Kurhaluk et al 2021). It causes arthritis of different joints like mostly carpal and rarely tarsal joint in mature goats.…”

“…Other than this, in both species virus causes a special form of mastitis that is non-suppurative and indurative. In case of young kids, virus rarely causes leuko-encephalomyelitis (Blacklaws 2012;Kurhaluk et al 2021). Virus can be transmitted both by vertical and horizontal pathways.…”