A comparison of multi-scale 3D X-ray tomographic inspection techniques for assessing carbon fibre composite impact damage

Bull, D.J.; Helfen, Lukas; Sinclair, Ian; Spearing, S.M.; Baumbach, Tilo

doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2012.12.006

Cited by 150 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…197 Damage evolution ahead of a crack in composite laminates has been successfully observed using this technique in laminography experiments at similar resolutions as typically obtained by tomography. 198 …”

Section: Local Tomography and Laminographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative X-ray tomography

Maire¹,

Withers²

2013

International Materials Reviews

1,055

601

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X-ray computer tomography (CT) is fast becoming an accepted tool within the materials science community for the acquisition of 3D images. Here the authors review the current state of the art as CT transforms from a qualitative diagnostic tool to a quantitative one. Our review considers first the image acquisition process, including the use of iterative reconstruction strategies suited to specific segmentation tasks and emerging methods that provide more insight (e.g. fast and high resolution imaging, crystallite (grain) imaging) than conventional attenuation based tomography. Methods and shortcomings of CT are examined for the quantification of 3D volumetric data to extract key topological parameters such as phase fractions, phase contiguity, and damage levels as well as density variations. As a non-destructive technique, CT is an ideal means of following structural development over time via time lapse sequences of 3D images (sometimes called 3D movies or 4D imaging). This includes information needed to optimise manufacturing processes, for example sintering or solidification, or to highlight the proclivity of specific degradation processes under service conditions, such as intergranular corrosion or fatigue crack growth. Besides the repeated application of static 3D image quantification to track such changes, digital volume correlation (DVC) and particle tracking (PT) methods are enabling the mapping of deformation in 3D over time. Finally the use of CT images is considered as the starting point for numerical modelling based on realistic microstructures, for example to predict flow through porous materials, the crystalline deformation of polycrystalline aggregates or the mechanical properties of composite materials.

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Section: Local Tomography and Laminographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative X-ray tomography

Maire¹,

Withers²

2013

International Materials Reviews

1,055

601

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“…A schematic of the setup can be found in [14]. This inclination however does lead to artefacts in the reconstructed 3D data due to incomplete sampling of the Fourier-space [14] but often these artefacts are less disruptive than corresponding artefacts of limited-angle µCT [29,30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is of the order of >2-3 µm for µCT, and <1 µm for synchrotron radiation imaging methods. A comparison of these 3D imaging techniques is described in a previous study on CFRP materials subjected to low velocity impact [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-dimensional assessment of low velocity impact damage in particle toughened composite laminates using micro-focus X-ray computed tomography and synchrotron radiation laminography

Bull

Spearing

Sinclair

et al. 2013

Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing

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Results are presented studying the contribution of particle toughening to impact damage resistance in carbon fibre reinforced polymer materials. Micro-focus Xray computed tomography and synchrotron radiation computed laminography were used to provide a novel, multiscale approach for assessing impact damage. Thin (1mm thick) composite plates containing either untoughened or particle-toughened resin systems were subjected to low velocity impact.Damage was assessed three-dimensionally at voxel resolutions of0.7 µm and 4.3 µm using SRCL and µCT respectively; the former being an innovative approach to the laterally extended geometry of CFRP plates. Observations and measurements taken from µCT scans captured the full extent of impact damage on both material systems revealing an interconnected network of intra-and inter-laminar cracks. These lower resolution images reveal that the particletoughened system suppresses delaminations with little effect on intralaminar 1 damage. The higher resolution images reveal that the particles contribute to toughening by crack deflection and bridging.

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“…Image correlation of volumetric datasets was first implemented to determine continuum-level displacement and strain fields in trabecular bone [10], [11] and helped validate FE models [7], [13]. With CT resolutions now routinely reaching below the micro-meter range, 3D volumes of internal micro-architecture can now be generated with ultra-high resolution micro-focus CT systems [14], [15] and via SRCT [6], [16]. DVC uses the naturally occurring texture in the material to track 3D displacements of a small sub-volume of interest between two load steps, which can be translated into local strain measurements [11].…”

Section: -Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-dimensional deformation mapping of Mode I interlaminar crack extension in particle-toughened interlayers

et al. 2016

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This paper presents the first use of Digital Volume Correlation (DVC) on Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastics (CFRPs) to quantify the strain fields ahead of a Mode I delamination. DVC is a relatively novel tool that can be used to measure displacements and strains occurring inside materials under load. In conjunction with Computed Tomography (CT), the technique has been applied to porous materials, with results providing strain data for validation of Finite Element (FE) models. However, the application of the technique to laminated materials has been limited, with studies often requiring fiducial markings required for volume correlation. In this work, crack propagation steps were captured at a 325 nm voxel resolution using Synchrotron Radiation Computed Tomography (SRCT). The material systems investigated featured different crack bridging mechanisms such as; particle-bridges, resin ligaments, and fibre-bridges. An assessment of noise and sub-volume size on the strain measurement determined that the optimal sub-volume size was 150 voxels with 50 % overlap. This provided a spatial resolution of 48.8 µm for strain and a corresponding strain resolution ranging between 220-690 µε for the repeated reference scans. A rigid body translation study confirmed that specimen movements perpendicular to the fibre orientation support the 'real' physical displacements. However, along the fibre direction, the correlation was poor, with correct displacements being detected only within the particle-toughened interlayers. The study demonstrates that strain measurements can be made perpendicular to the fibre direction across the interlayer, which could be used to validate future FE models of these poorly understood particle-toughened interlayers.

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A comparison of multi-scale 3D X-ray tomographic inspection techniques for assessing carbon fibre composite impact damage

Cited by 150 publications

References 41 publications

Quantitative X-ray tomography

Quantitative X-ray tomography

Three-dimensional assessment of low velocity impact damage in particle toughened composite laminates using micro-focus X-ray computed tomography and synchrotron radiation laminography

Three-dimensional deformation mapping of Mode I interlaminar crack extension in particle-toughened interlayers

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