A Comparison of Indoor/Outdoor PM<sub>10</sub>Concentrations Measured at Three Hospitals and a Centrally Located Monitor in Utah

Lillquist, Dean; Lee, J. S.; Ramsay, James R.; Boucher, Kenneth M.; Walton, Z. L.; Lyon, Joseph L.

doi:10.1080/1047322x.1998.10389565

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…A comparison of air samples in patient areas of three hospitals showed little correlation between indoor air PM 10 and ambient PM 10 at local air monitoring stations. 292 A better correlation is observed between indoor and outdoor fine-particle concentration. Accumulation mode ambient PM can penetrate into buildings because these particles are not efficiently removed by gravitational and inertial mechanisms.…”

Section: Emissions Ambient Concentration and Inhalation Exposurementioning

confidence: 69%

Combustion Aerosols: Factors Governing Their Size and Composition and Implications to Human Health

Lighty

Veranth

Sarofim

2000

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

1,010

600

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Particulate matter (PM) emissions from stationary combustion sources burning coal, fuel oil, biomass, and waste, and PM from internal combustion (IC) engines burning gasoline and diesel, are a significant source of primary particles smaller than 2.5 µm (PM 2.5 ) in urban areas. Combustion-generated particles are generally smaller than geologically produced dust and have unique chemical composition and morphology. The fundamental processes affecting formation of combustion PM and the emission characteristics of important applications are reviewed. Particles containing transition metals, ultrafine particles, and soot are emphasized because these types of particles have been studied extensively, and their emissions are controlled by the fuel composition and the oxidant-temperature-mixing history from the flame to the stack. There is a need for better integration of the combustion, air pollution control, atmospheric chemistry, and inhalation health research communities. Epidemiology has demonstrated that susceptible individuals are being harmed by ambient PM. Particle surface area, number of ultrafine particles, bioavailable transition metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and other particle-bound organic compounds are suspected to be more important than particle mass in determining the effects of air pollution. Time-and size-resolved PM measurements are needed for testing mechanistic toxicological hypotheses, for characterizing the relationship between combustion operating conditions and transient emissions, and for source apportionment studies to develop air quality plans. Citations are provided to more specialized reviews, and the concluding comments make suggestions for further research.

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Section: Emissions Ambient Concentration and Inhalation Exposurementioning

confidence: 69%

Combustion Aerosols: Factors Governing Their Size and Composition and Implications to Human Health

Lighty

Veranth

Sarofim

2000

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

1,010

600

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“…Infants who die in a hospital are unlikely to have experienced any significant exposure to outdoor ambient air. 23 Woodruff et al, 1 who first explored the relationship between postneonatal infant mortality and PM 10 using the linked birth-death data set, elected to use PM 10 averaged for the first 2 months of life, averaged over the MSA of residence. Their stated rationale was that this protocol would control for the decreasing secular trend in PM 10 .…”

Section: Concluding Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clearly, infants who are born at high risk, because of low birth weight, for example, are likely to be in hospital intensive care with a reduced probability of such exposure because of systematic differences between indoor and ambient air. 23 In addition, the mode of action of air pollution must be considered. If we postulate a cumulative mode of injury and compare the victims' exposures with those of the survivors during any period of exposure at a given location, the survivors will always have had the greater cumulative exposure, simply by having lived longer.…”

Section: The Descriptive Epidemiology Of Infant Mortalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Infant Mortality and Air Pollution: A Comprehensive Analysis of U.S. Data for 1990

Lipfert¹,

Zhang²,

Wyzga

2000

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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This paper uses U.S. linked birth and death records to explore associations between infant mortality and environmental factors, based on spatial relationships. The IMPLICATIONS Air pollution has been one of many suspected risk factors for SIDS, as well as for other causes of infant mortality. A previous epidemiologic study based on geographic gradients found a relationship between SIDS and PM 10 and speculated that fine particles (PM 2.5 ) might be the real culprit. However, U.S. data on SIDS clearly show a strong geographic gradient from east to west that has existed for decades, with SIDS rates in the mountain states nearly 4 times those in the big population centers of the east coast. Given that east-west air pollution patterns have changed dramatically during this period, it appears that other geographic factors should be considered. This conclusion is also supported by long-term trends in SIDS in the United States and in Scandinavia that show a dramatic increase with a subsequent decrease during a period of improving air quality.Our study considered some of those other factors, and while we confirmed a positive spatial relationship with PM 10 in 1990, we found an even stronger negative relationship with SO 4 2-aerosol, which is often a major constituent of fine particles. Thus, our study provides no support for the hypothesis that SIDS is associated with outdoor ambient concentrations of generic fine particles. Instead, the underlying implication is that epidemiologic studies based on geographic patterns can be misleading if a broad range of alternative hypotheses and candidate confounders is not also investigated. For example, we found that the variability in the association between SIDS and PM 10 due to alternative regression model specification and to the selection of locations to be considered was much larger than the variation obtained using the baseline model with different mortality end points and infant subgroups. SIDS constitutes a source of profound personal tragedy, and it is incumbent upon the research community to use the best possible science to investigate ways that SIDS risks might be reduced with some assurance of certainty.analysis considers a range of infant mortality end points, regression models, and environmental and socioeconomic variables. The basic analysis involves logistic regression modeling of individuals; the cohort comprises all infants born in the United States in 1990 for whom the required data are available from the matched birth and death records. These individual data include sex, race, month of birth, and birth weight of the infant, and personal data on the mother, including age, adequacy of prenatal care, and smoking and education in most instances. Ecological variables from Census and other sources are matched on the county of usual residence and include ambient air quality, elevation above sea level, climate, number of physicians per capita, median income, racial and ethnic distribution, unemployment, and population density. The air quality variables considere...

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“…18 Several other studies in European 26 and American 9,23,32-35 cities have reported homogeneous PM 2.5 levels, whereas for the coarse fraction and PM 10 , more withincity variability was observed. 23,36,37 However, two recent studies reported within-city variability for both PM 2.5 and PM 10 in California 38 and Canada.…”

Section: Spatial Distribution Of Ambient Pm 25mentioning

confidence: 99%

Validity of Ambient Levels of Fine Particles as Surrogate for Personal Exposure to Outdoor Air Pollution—Results of the European EXPOLIS-EAS Study (Swiss Center Basel)

Oglesby

Künzli

Röösli

et al. 2000

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

103

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To evaluate the validity of fixed-site fine particle levels as exposure surrogates in air pollution epidemiology, we considered four indicator groups: (1) PM 2.5 total mass concentrations, (2) sulfur and potassium for regional air pollution, (3) lead and bromine for traffic-related particles, and (4) calcium for crustal particles. Using data from the European EXPOLIS (Air Pollution Exposure Distribution within Adult Urban Populations in Europe) study, we assessed the associations between 48-hr personal exposures and home outdoor levels of the indicators. Furthermore, within-city variability of fine particle levels was evaluated.Personal exposures to PM 2.5 mass were not correlated to corresponding home outdoor levels (n = 44, r Spearman (Sp) = 0.07). In the group reporting neither relevant indoor sources nor relevant activities, personal exposures and home outdoor levels of sulfur were highly correlated (n = 40, r Sp = 0.85). In contrast, the associations were weaker IMPLICATIONS Accurate exposure assessment is a key step when investigating the effects of ambient air pollution and the related public health impact. In cross-sectional analysis, we could show that 48-hr personal exposure to PM 2.5 -sulfur, indicating regional air pollution, is highly correlated to corresponding outdoor PM 2.5 -sulfur levels. For indicators of traffic-related and crustal particles, the associations were weaker. We conclude that epidemiologic studies on long-term effects of air pollution may rely on fixed-site fine particle mass to estimate exposures to regional air pollution. For exposures to primary traffic particles, where spatial variability and proximity to the source are important factors, estimates may be improved with data on traffic exposures.for traffic (Pb: n = 44, r Sp = 0.53; Br: n = 44, r Sp = 0.21) and crustal (Ca: n = 44, r Sp = 0.12) indicators. This contrast is consistent with spatially homogeneous regional pollution and higher spatial variability of traffic and crustal indicators observed in Basel, Switzerland.We conclude that for regional air pollution, fixed-site fine particle levels are valid exposure surrogates. For sourcespecific exposures, however, fixed-site data are probably not the optimal measure. Still, in air pollution epidemiology, ambient PM 2.5 levels may be more appropriate exposure estimates than total personal PM 2.5 exposure, since the latter reflects a mixture of indoor and outdoor sources. INTRODUCTIONEpidemiologic studies conducted in a variety of regions and populations indicate consistent associations between ambient levels of air pollution and health outcomes. Respiratory symptoms, lung function, and mortality have been observed to be related to both short-term 1,2 and longterm exposures.2,3 Long-term effects of ambient air pollution are often investigated in semi-individual studies.

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A Comparison of Indoor/Outdoor PM₁₀Concentrations Measured at Three Hospitals and a Centrally Located Monitor in Utah

Cited by 6 publications

References 13 publications

Combustion Aerosols: Factors Governing Their Size and Composition and Implications to Human Health

Combustion Aerosols: Factors Governing Their Size and Composition and Implications to Human Health

Infant Mortality and Air Pollution: A Comprehensive Analysis of U.S. Data for 1990

Validity of Ambient Levels of Fine Particles as Surrogate for Personal Exposure to Outdoor Air Pollution—Results of the European EXPOLIS-EAS Study (Swiss Center Basel)

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A Comparison of Indoor/Outdoor PM10Concentrations Measured at Three Hospitals and a Centrally Located Monitor in Utah

Cited by 6 publications

References 13 publications

Combustion Aerosols: Factors Governing Their Size and Composition and Implications to Human Health

Combustion Aerosols: Factors Governing Their Size and Composition and Implications to Human Health

Infant Mortality and Air Pollution: A Comprehensive Analysis of U.S. Data for 1990

Validity of Ambient Levels of Fine Particles as Surrogate for Personal Exposure to Outdoor Air Pollution—Results of the European EXPOLIS-EAS Study (Swiss Center Basel)

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Product

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A Comparison of Indoor/Outdoor PM₁₀Concentrations Measured at Three Hospitals and a Centrally Located Monitor in Utah