A comparison of four electrical stimulation types on Staphylococcus aureus growth in vitro

Merriman, Harold L.; Hegyi, Chris A.; Albright-Overton, Cheryl R.; Carlos, John; Putnam, Robert W.; Mulcare, Janet A.

doi:10.1682/jrrd.2004.02.0139

Cited by 31 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(50 reference statements)

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“…Drees et al showed that direct electrical current of 25 to 350 mA applied to planktonic suspensions of P. aeruginosa or E. coli resulted in a significant reduction in viable cells (28). In addition, Merriman et al tested four different electrical stimulation types, continuous microamperage direct current, high-voltage pulsed current, low-voltage monophasic milliamperage pulsed current, and low-voltage biphasic milliamperage pulsed current on culture plates containing S. aureus (29). These researchers found that microamperage direct current and highvoltage pulsed current had significant inhibitory effects, while the other two electrical stimulation types did not (29).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiofilm Activity of Low-Amperage Continuous and Intermittent Direct Electrical Current

Schmidt-Malan

Karau

Cede

et al. 2015

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Bacterial biofilms are difficult to treat using available antimicrobial agents, so new antibiofilm strategies are needed. We previously showed that 20, 200, and 2,000 A of electrical current reduced bacterial biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Here, we tested continuous direct current at lower amperages, intermittent direct current, and combinations of surface materials (Teflon or titanium) and electrode compositions (stainless steel, graphite, titanium, or platinum) against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and P. aeruginosa biofilms. In addition, we tested 200 or 2,000 A for 1 and 4 days against biofilms of 33 strains representing 13 species of microorganisms. The logarithmic reduction factor was used to measure treatment effects. Using continuous current delivery, the lowest active amperage was 2 A for 1, 4, or 7 days against P. aeruginosa and 5 A for 7 days against S. epidermidis and S. aureus biofilms. Delivery of 200 A for 4 h a day over 4 days reduced P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis biofilms on Teflon or titanium discs. A reduction of P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis biofilms was measured for 23 of 24 combinations of surface materials and electrode compositions tested. Four days of direct current delivery reduced biofilms of 25 of 33 strains studied. In conclusion, low-amperage current or 4 h a day of intermittent current delivered using a variety of electrode compositions reduced P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis biofilms on a variety of surface materials. The electricidal effect was observed against a majority of bacterial species studied.C hronic infections associated with medical devices such as joint replacements and other types of orthopedic instrumentation, prosthetic heart valves, pacemakers, implantable defibrillators, urinary catheters and stents, peritoneal dialysis catheters, intravascular catheters, cerebrospinal fluid shunts, breast implants, and vascular grafts and stents are common in today's medical practice. When these devices become infected, they must often be removed to successfully cure the associated infection. Device removal is associated with significant morbidity, cost, and, in some cases, mortality. Prosthetic joint removal, for example, may mean that a patient is left without a functional joint for months, along with the requirement for two surgeries (i.e., infected implant removal and eventual replacement) (1). Intrathoracic device infections may require major surgical procedures, involving repeat sternotomy. The removal of some devices, such as vascular graft bypasses, may be impossible, rendering associated infection incurable with current approaches.The pathogenesis of device-associated infections relates to the presence of microorganisms in biofilms. Existence within a biofilm represents a survival strategy for microorganisms, protecting them from environmental influences, the host immune system, and, unfortunately, therapeutic levels of conventional antimicrobial agents. Biofilms exhibit ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiofilm Activity of Low-Amperage Continuous and Intermittent Direct Electrical Current

Schmidt-Malan

Karau

Cede

et al. 2015

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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“…The effect of electrical stimulation (ES) has been tested in vitro on different types of cells involved in wound healing, such as macrophages,9 fibroblasts,10–14 epidermal cells,15–20 bacteria,21–23 and endothelial cells24–26 that have demonstrated changes in cell migration, proliferation, and orientation, increase in proteins and DNA synthesis, and antibacterial effects. When applied on in vivo models27–40 and clinical stud ies,41–61 EST has shown positive effects on wound closure and healing rate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A current affair: electrotherapy in wound healing

Hunckler¹,

Mel²

2017

JMDH

111

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New developments in accelerating wound healing can have immense beneficial socioeconomic impact. The wound healing process is a highly orchestrated series of mechanisms where a multitude of cells and biological cascades are involved. The skin battery and current of injury mechanisms have become topics of interest for their influence in chronic wounds. Electrostimulation therapy of wounds has shown to be a promising treatment option with no-device-related adverse effects. This review presents an overview of the understanding and use of applied electrical current in various aspects of wound healing. Rapid clinical translation of the evolving understanding of biomolecular mechanisms underlying the effects of electrical simulation on wound healing would positively impact upon enhancing patient’s quality of life.

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“…There was no noticeable corrosion and coloration on the Nickel or Nichrome wire electrodes by examined using naked eye while using stainless steel wire show some physical effects in previous study [19] but more tests needed to find the exact amount of corrosion if any.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%