A comparison of colorimetric and visual methods for the assessment of masticatory performance with color-changeable chewing gum in older persons

Kugimiya, Yoshihiro; Watanabe, Yutaka; Shirobe, Maki; Motohashi, Yoshiko; Motokawa, Köiti; Edahiro, Ayako; Ohara, Yuki; Ryu, Masahiro; Igarashi, Kentaro; Hoshino, Daichi; Nakajima, Junko; Ueda, Takayuki; Taniguchi, Yu; Ogawa, Takumi; Maekawa, Kenji; Tamaki, Kunihiko; Kuboki, Takuo; Kitamura, Akihiko; Shinkai, Shoji; Hirano, Hirohiko

doi:10.1016/j.jds.2020.08.010

Cited by 18 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Numbers of present and functional teeth were evaluated via an intra-oral examination by dentists and dental hygienists [ 14 ]. Present teeth were defined as those in which crowns had erupted, and were excluded if they were not occluded, were stump teeth, or showed significant looseness.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between Oral Hypofunction and Sarcopenia in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: The Otassha Study

Kugimiya

Iwasaki

Ohara

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Oral hypofunction, resulting from a combined decrease in multiple oral functions, may affect systemic-condition deterioration; however, few studies have examined the association between oral hypofunction and general health among older adults. In this cross-sectional study, we examined the relationship between oral hypofunction and sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults. We included 878 adults (268 men and 610 women, mean age 76.5 ± 8.3 years). Tongue coating index, oral moisture, occlusal force, oral diadochokinesis (/pa/,/ta/,/ka/), tongue pressure, mas-ticatory function, and swallowing function were evaluated as indicators of oral hypofunction. Grip strength, gait speed, and skeletal muscle mass index were measured as diagnostic sarcopenia parameters. The association between oral hypofunction and sarcopenia was examined via logistic regression using sarcopenia as the dependent variable. Oral hypofunction prevalence was 50.5% overall, 40.3% in men, and 54.9% in women. The prevalence of sarcopenia was 18.6% overall, 9.7% in men, and 22.5% in women. A logistic regression showed oral hypofunction, age, body mass index, higher-level functional capacity, and serum albumin level were significantly associated with sarcopenia. Sarcopenia occurred at an increased frequency in patients diagnosed with oral hypofunction (odds ratio: 1.59, 95% confidence interval: 1.02–2.47); accordingly, oral hypofunction appears to be significantly associated with sarcopenia.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between Oral Hypofunction and Sarcopenia in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: The Otassha Study

Kugimiya

Iwasaki

Ohara

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…The chewed gum was flattened in polyethylene films by compression; the a* values were measured using a colourimeter (CR‐20; Konica‐Minolta Sensing), and the mean values of three points for each of the a* values were determined. The a* value represents the degree of colour between red and green, and positive values for a* indicate red 35,36 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between dry mouth and physical frailty among community‐dwelling older adults in Japan: The Otassha Study

et al. 2021

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Objective To elucidate the relationship between physical frailty and dry mouth among community‐dwelling older adults in Japan. Background Oral hypofunction is associated with physical frailty in older adults. Dry mouth, subjectively evaluated as xerostomia and objectively measured as hyposalivation, is highly prevalent in older adults. However, few reports have used both measures of dry mouth and investigated their association with physical frailty. Materials and Methods This cross‐sectional study included 643 individuals (mean age, 73.9 years) from the Otassha Study in 2019. Xerostomia was assessed using the 5‐item Summated Xerostomia Inventory (SXI). Hyposalivation was assessed by measuring the amount of resting saliva using the modified cotton roll method. Frailty phenotypes were defined by weakness, slowness, weight loss, low physical activity level and exhaustion components, and served as the outcome variable. Participants with three or more components were considered physically frail, and those with one or two components were considered pre‐frail. Ordinal logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the associations between physical frailty and xerostomia and hyposalivation. Results Among the participants, 4.5% and 49.8% had physical frailty and pre‐frailty, respectively. In ordinal logistic regression analysis adjusted for demographic and health characteristics, the SXI score was associated with physical frailty status (adjusted odds ratio for a one‐point increase in SXI, 1.12; 95% confidence interval, 1.06‐1.19). However, no difference was observed between the amount of resting saliva and severity of physical frailty. Conclusion Xerostomia is associated with physical frailty among community‐dwelling older adults in Japan. Clinical Trial Registration: Not applicable.

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“…Masticatory ability was evaluated using masticatory ability evaluation gum (Xylitol Mastic Gum, Lotte, Tokyo, Japan) that changes color from green to red the more it is chewed [ 35 ]. Participants were instructed to chew the gum 60 times at a rate of once per second, and their masticatory ability was evaluated in terms of change in gum color using the visual scoring method with a 10-stage color scale [ 36 ]. Reduced masticatory ability was defined as a mastication score of less than six on the color scale [ 17 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patients with mild cognitive impairment diagnosed at dementia clinic display decreased maximum occlusal force: a cross-sectional study

et al. 2021

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Background Previous research indicates that patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are more likely to have poor oral health and impairments in oral functions, which may be due to few remaining teeth and impaired tongue and lip motor function. However, the oral health of those patients following comprehensive cognitive assessment by a dementia specialist has not been sufficiently investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the oral function of patients with MCI and the association between oral health and lower cognitive function. Methods This cross-sectional study included 96 participants (men: 35; women: 61; mean age: 73.3 ± 8.5 years) who visited a dementia clinic between December 2017 and January 2020. Participants’ cognitive function was assessed by a dementia specialist using neuropsychological and hematological tests and neuroimaging immediately after enrollment. The participants were divided into the healthy and MCI groups according to comprehensive cognitive assessment. Participants’ age, sex, body mass index, primary disease, education level, drinking habits, smoking habits, living environment, employment status, and exercise habits were evaluated. Moreover, oral outcomes, including the number of existing teeth, number of functional teeth (natural and prosthetic teeth which were occluded with antagonists), denture use, oral dryness, tongue and lip motor function, tongue pressure, occlusal force, masticatory ability, and swallowing ability were recorded. The Mann–Whitney U test, χ2, and Fisher’s exact tests were used for between-group comparisons. Furthermore, logistic regression analysis using MCI diagnosis as the target variable was performed. Results A comprehensive evaluation of the cognitive function of the study participants by the dementia specialist revealed that 48 participants (mean age: 69.8 ± 8.8 years) were healthy and 48 (mean age: 76.9 ± 6.7 years) had MCI. MCI participants were significantly older (p < 0.001) and had significantly fewer existing teeth (p = 0.031) and lower maximum occlusal force (p = 0.019) than healthy participants. Age (odds ratio: 1.126, p = 0.002) and maximum occlusal force (odds ratio: 0.978, p = 0.048) were significantly associated with lower cognitive function. Conclusions Patients with MCI had poorer oral health than healthy individuals. Decreased maximum occlusal force was independently associated with lower cognitive function, even when adjusted for age and sex.

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A comparison of colorimetric and visual methods for the assessment of masticatory performance with color-changeable chewing gum in older persons

Cited by 18 publications

References 22 publications

Relationship between Oral Hypofunction and Sarcopenia in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: The Otassha Study

Relationship between Oral Hypofunction and Sarcopenia in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: The Otassha Study

Association between dry mouth and physical frailty among community‐dwelling older adults in Japan: The Otassha Study

Patients with mild cognitive impairment diagnosed at dementia clinic display decreased maximum occlusal force: a cross-sectional study

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