A comparison of cellulose nanocrystals and cellulose nanofibres extracted from bagasse using acid and ball milling methods

Abstract

This study compared the fundamental properties of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) extracted from sugarcane bagasse. Conventional hydrolysis was used to extract CNC while ball milling was used to extract CNF. Images generated by scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope showed CNC was needle-like with relatively lower aspect ratio and CNF was rope-like in structure with higher aspect ratio. Fouriertransformed infrared spectra showed that the chemical composition of nanocellulose and extracted cellulose were identical and quite different from bagasse. Dynamic light scattering studies showed that CNC had uniform particle size distribution with a median size of 148 nm while CNF had a bimodal size distribution with median size 240 ± 12 nm and 10 μm. X-ray diffraction showed that the amorphous portion was removed during hydrolysis; this resulted in an increase in the crystalline portion of CNC compared to CNF. Thermal degradation of cellulose initiated at a much lower temperature, in the case of the nanocrystals while the CNF prepared by ball milling were not affected, indicating higher thermal stability.

Development of PVB-Nano Cellulose based Polymer Electrolyte and Correlation of Optical Behavior with Ionic Conductivity

“…The other peaks at 32° and 45° are not analysed. All the peaks are similar to other Advances in Chemical Science (SEPACS) Volume 6, 2017 www.seipub.org/sepacs reported results [32] and confirm the formation of cellulose fibrils. The characteristics peak at 22.8° and 23.2° having the broad base, confirms the semicrystalline nature of CNF.…”

Thermal and mechanical properties of chitosan nanocomposites with cellulose modified in ionic liquids

“…It is widely accepted that small particles with large number of free-end chains present in the sample induce decomposition at lower temperature [51,52]. According to that theory, TG results obtained for CHT/5 C II sample should be better than for CHT/5 CNC II.…”

Influence of Acid Hydrolysis Reaction Time on the Isolation of Cellulose Nanowhiskers from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Microcrystalline Cellulose

“…This implied that the chemical groups of the resulting materials were stable and no strong chemical reactions occurred (Chen and Yada 2011). The absence of characteristic bands between 1600 and 1740 cm -1 revealed that the isolated MCC and CNW were free of impurities (Rahimi Kord Sofla et al 2016). …”

“…Numerous studies have been conducted on the production of CNW from various lignocellulosic fiber using 50% to 72% H2SO4 solution with a 1-h reaction time (Han et al 2014;Lani et al 2014;Rahimi Kord Sofla et al 2016). However, the degree of cellulose structure breakage highly depends on the hydrolytic reaction when subject to an acid treatment (Fatah et al 2014).…”

“…Additionally, the dialysis process for CNW-30 was ineffective because the dialysis time was shorter, which meant a larger amount of sulphate remained on the cellulose. Rahimi Kord Sofla et al (2016) found an onset degradation temperature of 204 °C for cellulose nanocystalline fiber during acid hydrolysis treatment using a 64% H2SO4 solution at 45 °C for 60 min. Taking into consideration the above results, it was concluded that the CNW from the OPEFB-MCC produced by acid hydrolysis at three different reaction times had better thermal stability than the OPEFB-MCC and is suitable for use as reinforcements in the production of green bio-composites.…”