In this study, we evaluated the physicochemical properties of the chitosan/nanocellulose composites. Wide-angle X-ray scattering was applied to define the supermolecular structure of the materials, the laser diffracting technique was used to characterize the particle sizes, and scanning electron microscopy was used to evaluate the morphologies of the samples. The tensile properties of the composite films were also determined. Cellulose pulp was mercerized with 16% sodium hydroxide to give only cellulose II. Cellulose I and cellulose II were subsequently hydrolyzed with 64% sulfuric acid. As a result, nanocellulose I (NCC I) from cellulose I and nanocellulose II (NCC II) from cellulose II were produced. The mercerization of cellulose pulp contributed to a significant particle size reduction; more than 50% of the particles of the NCC II sample and only 36% of the particles of the NCC I sample were smaller than 100 nm. Chitosan composite films containing 5, 10, and 20% w/w of nanocelluloses were prepared by a solvent casting method. This was the first study investigating the influence of the crystallographic forms of cellulose on the formation of nanocrystals.
In this paper, amorphous silica Syloid 244 and kraft lignin were mechanically coupled. Four hybrid materials containing silica and lignin in ratios 1:1, 2:1, 5:1 and 20:1 were prepared. As reference samples for hybrid fillers pristine silica and lignin were used. Particle size determination and microscopic observations were applied to determine dispersive and morphological properties of hybrid fillers. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the effective preparation of silica/lignin hybrid materials. The parameters of porous structure of examined hybrid filler were determined using the multipoint Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda algorithm. Composite samples of polylactide (PLA) containing 2.5 % (w/w) of hybrid filler were extruded. Optical microscopy, wide-angle X-ray scattering and differential scanning calorimetry were applied to specify the supermolecular structure of functional PLA/hybrid composites and analyze the crystallization parameters as well as the phase transformation in PLA matrix. Silica/lignin hybrid material was found to be a filler capable of an effective crystal nucleation. The nucleating ability of silica/lignin hybrid filler in PLA matrix is related to porous properties of filler and its composition.
Effects of chemical modification of wood with innovative ionic liquid on the supermolecular and morphology of wood/polypropylene composites were investigated using X-ray diffraction, hot stage optical microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. For the first time the chemical treatment of wood was conducted solely with newly synthesized ionic liquid, didecyldimethylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide. The modification was found to be responsible for significant changes in nucleating abilities of wood in polypropylene matrix. These findings were confirmed by crystallization temperature, crystal conversion, crystallization half-time parameters, as well as observation of transcrystalline structures. Ionic liquid treatment of wood influenced also formation of polymorphic forms of polymer matrix. In contrast to composites with untreated wood, in composites with modified wood filler formation of b-phase of polypropylene was observed. This fact was discussed in view of differences in nucleating activity of lignocellulosic filler, resulting from chemical treatment with ionic liquid. Moreover, a relationship between mechanical properties of composites and the phenomena taking place at the polymer-filler interface, controlled by chemical modifications of lignocellulosic components, was evaluated.
In this paper, silica–lignin hybrid materials were used as fillers for a polylactide (PLA) matrix. In order to simulate biodegradation, PLA/hybrid filler composite films were kept in soil of neutral pH for six months. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) allowed analysis of nonisothermal crystallization behavior of composites, thermal analysis provided information about their thermal stability, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was applied to define morphology of films. The influence of biodegradation was also investigated in terms of changes in mechanical properties and color of samples. It was found that application of silica–lignin hybrids as fillers for PLA matrix may be interesting not only in terms of increasing thermal stability, but also controlled biodegradation. To the best knowledge of the authors, this is the first publication regarding biodegradation of PLA composites loaded with silica–lignin hybrid fillers.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.