A Comparison of Borderline and Schizophrenic Patients for Childhood Life Events and Parent-Child Relationships^*

Abstract

Fifteen patients with DSM-III diagnoses of borderline personality disorder and 14 schizophrenics were administered two questionnaires by an interviewer blind to the diagnoses. The questionnaires were the Childhood Life Events and Family Characteristics Questionnaire and the Parental Bonding Instrument. A scale to monitor denial was also included. Borderlines, when compared with schizophrenics, reported having significantly more childhood sexual and physical abuse, more early separation from their mothers, more paternal criminality, and also more paternal overprotection and less maternal care. When compared with normal population data, they received significantly less care and were significantly more overprotected by both parents.

Factorial Structure of the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) in Japan: A Study of Cultural, Developmental, and Gender Influences

“…Since its development, the PBI has been used to assess relationships between the type of parenting received and mental disorders such as depression [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12], borderline personality disorder [13,14], and schizophrenia [13,[15][16][17]. While there is variation in the links between PBI profiles and these conditions, high ''care'' and low ''overprotection'' has been widely recognized as the optimal rearing combination, as initially predicted by Parker et al [1].…”

Further results on the reliability of the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) in an Italian sample of schizophrenic patients and their parents

“…In contrast, parental control in terms of intrusiveness, demand for obedience, and overprotection, combined with low care, are regarded as source of distorted bonding and subsequent disturbed psychological functioning of the offspring. The PBI is a reliable and valid measure of these constructs and has confirmed in numerous studies that dysfunctional interactive patterns, defined by low-care and high-protection scores, are related to a variety of psychiatric disorders in adulthood (e.g., Boyce, Hickie, & Parker, 1991;Byrne, Velamoor, Cernovsky, Cortese, & Loszty, 1990;Faravelli et al, 1991;Parker, 1983;1984;Parker, Kiloh, & Hayward, 1987;Parker, Hazdi-Pavlovic, Greenwald, & Weissmann, 1995).…”

The Specific Role of Childhood Abuse, Parental Bonding, and Family Functioning in Female Adolescents With Borderline Personality Disorder

“…They show that borderline patients remember their parents mainly as emotionally neglectful (Byrne et al, 1990;Guttman & Laporte, 2002;Paris & Frank, 1989). This failure of both parents in providing emotional care confirms the high presence of emotional abuse in the BPD group.…”

“…Retrospective investigations among adults with BPD consistently demonstrate the presence of early traumatic experiences such as traumatic separations (Bandelow et al, 2005;Zanarini, Gunderson, Marino, Schwartz, & Frankenburg, 1989), physical abuse (Links, Steiner, Offord, & Eppel, 1988;Paris, Zweig-Frank, & Guzder, 1994;Zanarini et al, 1989;, emotional neglect (Paris & Frank, 1989;Zweig-Frank & Paris, 1991), low care and overprotection, especially from mother (Byrne, Velamoor, Cernovsky, Cortese, & Losztyn, 1990;Nickell, Waudby, & Trull, 2002;Torgerson & Alnaes, 1992), and sexual abuse (Elzy, 2011;Ferraz et al, 2013;Shearer, Peters, Quaytman, & Ogden, 1990;Zanarini et al, 2002). Paris and colleagues (1994) considered childhood sexual abuse a substantial risk factor for the development of BPD; indeed, numerous studies suggest that sexual abuse occurs more frequently in the childhood histories of adult BPD patients than in many other psychiatric disorders (Ogata, Silk, & Goodrich, 1990;Paris et al, 1994;.…”