Factorial Structure of the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) in Japan: A Study of Cultural, Developmental, and Gender Influences

Uji, Masayo; Tanaka, Nao; Shono, Masahiro; Kitamura, Toshinori

doi:10.1007/s10578-006-0027-4

Cited by 61 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The standard format is to ask respondents to rate how well each statement describes their mother "as you remember your mother in your first 16 years"; ratings are made on a 4-point scale (1 = very like; 2 = moderately like; 3 = moderately unlike; 4 = very unlike; the scale was reverse scored so that higher numbers reflect greater maternal care recollections). Although the PBI has been shown to have good reliability and validity (16), there is evidence that responders have difficulty interpreting and responding to the negatively framed "indifference" items, likely because of the double-negative involved (34); moreover, factor analyses indicate that the indifference items lack specificity (35). For these reasons, we included only the positively framed PBI care items in our maternal care composite.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of oxytocin on recollections of maternal care and closeness

Bartz

Zaki

Ochsner

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

211

134

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Although the infant-caregiver attachment bond is critical to survival, little is known about the biological mechanisms supporting attachment representations in humans. Oxytocin plays a key role in attachment bond formation and maintenance in animals and thus could be expected to affect attachment representations in humans.To investigate this possibility, we administered 24 IU intranasal oxytocin to healthy male adults in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover designed study and then assessed memories of childhood maternal care and closeness-two features of the attachment bond. We found that the effects of oxytocin were moderated by the attachment representations people possess, with less anxiously attached individuals remembering their mother as more caring and close after oxytocin (vs. placebo) but more anxiously attached individuals remembering their mother as less caring and close after oxytocin (vs. placebo). These data contrast with the popular notion that oxytocin has broad positive effects on social perception and are more consistent with the animal literature, which emphasizes oxytocin's role in encoding social memories and linking those memories to the reward value of the social stimulus.neurohypophyseal hormones | social cognition | social memory | individual differences | Syntocinon A ccording to attachment theory (1-3), infants develop affective bonds with their caregivers, which arise from an attachment behavioral system that promotes the infant's survival by facilitating caregiver closeness and protection. A core feature of the attachment system is the notion of internal working models, which are thought to contain information about close others' reliability and availability to meet one's needs for security, as well as affective and motivational information about regulating the self in relation to significant others. These attachment representations are formed in the infant-caregiver relationship but continue to operate throughout the lifespan and are adjusted to incorporate new close relationship experiences. The attachment behavioral system plays an important role in guiding interpersonal perceptions, expectations, and behaviors, but it is also significant from an evolutionary perspective-the attachment bond is thought to be essential for species survival because it fosters caregiver protection, thereby allowing the infant to survive to maturity and reproduce (2). Although critical to survival, little is known about the biological mechanisms supporting attachment representations in humans.One candidate suggested by animal research is oxytocin, a mammalian hormone that acts as a neuromodulator in the brain. Oxytocin is produced in the hypothalamus and released into the circulatory system, where it is involved in facilitating uterine contractions during parturition and milk ejection during lactation (4). Oxytocin also is released directly into the brain, where it has been shown to play a critical role in attachment bond formation and maintenance in animals (5-8). A working hypothesis is that...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of oxytocin on recollections of maternal care and closeness

Bartz

Zaki

Ochsner

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

211

134

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“…The Japanese version of this scale was used [36]. The factor structure of the PBI among a Japanese population is virtually the same as that originally reported [37].…”

Section: Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do Parents Rear their Children as they were Reared Themselves? Intergenerational Transmission of Parental Styles (Warmth and Control) and Possible Mediation by Personality Traits~!2009-02-11~!2009-10-14~!2009-12-31~!

Tanaka¹,

Kitamura²,

Chen³

et al. 2010

TOFAMSJ

Self Cite

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“…In contrast, Uji, Tanaka, Shono, and Kitamura (2006) found a four factor solution (care, indifference, overprotection and encouragement of autonomy) to be psychometrically superior to a three factor solution in a Japanese study, for both adult and child generations.…”

Section: Parenting Behaviors and Childhood Anxietymentioning

confidence: 66%

“…The first objective of this first study was to test the dimensionality of the instrument. Based on the result of Uji et al (2006), it was hypothesized that the four dimensions (care, indifference, overprotection and encouragement of autonomy) underlie the PBI, and this was tested for different generations and across countries. The second objective was to examine the association between perceived parenting behaviors and clinical symptoms in children.…”

Section: Overview Of Empirical Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fears, Anxieties and Cognitive Behavioral Treatment of Specific Phobias in Youth

Reuterskiöld¹

2009

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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The present dissertation consists of three empirical studies on children and adolescents presenting with various specific phobias in Stockholm, Sweden and in Virginia, USA. The overall aim was to contribute to our understanding of childhood fears, anxiety and phobias and to evaluate the efficacy and portability of a one-session treatment of specific phobias in youth. Study I tested the dimensionality of the Parental Bonding Instrument, across three generations and for two countries, and examined if parenting behaviors of indifference and overprotection were associated with more anxiety problems in children. The results showed that the four-factor representation of parental behavior provided an adequate fit for the instrument across informants. Perceived overprotection was associated with significantly more anxiety symptoms and comorbid diagnosis in children. Study II explored parent-child agreement on a diagnostic screening instrument for youths. The results indicated that children scoring high on motivation at treatment entry had generally stronger parent-child agreement on co-occurring diagnoses and severity ratings. Parents reported overall more diagnoses for their children, and parents who themselves qualified for a diagnosis seemed more tuned in to their children's problematic behavior. Study III compared a one-session treatment with an education-supportive treatment condition, and a wait-list control condition for children presenting with various types of specific phobias. The results showed that both treatment conditions were superior to the wait-list control condition and that one-session exposure treatment was superior to education-supportive treatment on several measures. Treatment effects were maintained at a 6-month follow-up. Overall, the above findings suggest that the one-session treatment is portable and effective in treating a variety of specific phobias in children and adolescents.

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Factorial Structure of the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) in Japan: A Study of Cultural, Developmental, and Gender Influences

Cited by 61 publications

References 27 publications

Effects of oxytocin on recollections of maternal care and closeness

Effects of oxytocin on recollections of maternal care and closeness

Do Parents Rear their Children as they were Reared Themselves? Intergenerational Transmission of Parental Styles (Warmth and Control) and Possible Mediation by Personality Traits~!2009-02-11~!2009-10-14~!2009-12-31~!

Fears, Anxieties and Cognitive Behavioral Treatment of Specific Phobias in Youth

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