A comparison between the effects of ochratoxin A and aristolochic acid on the inflammation and oxidative stress in the liver and kidney of weanling piglets

Abstract

Ochratoxin A (OTA) and aristolochic acid (AA) are toxins that can frequently contaminate cereals and cereals-based products. The present study has realized a comparison between the effect of OTA and AA on oxidative stress and inflammation in both the liver and kidney of pigs as major organs involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics. Fifteen pigs (five pigs/group) were randomly distributed in three groups (control, OTA, and AA) and were fed diets contaminated or not with 250 μg toxin/kg for 28 days. Consumption of a diet contaminated with OTA and AA increase the concentration of serum creatinine as compared with the control group. The exposure of piglets to AA decrease the activity of enzymes involved in the oxidative stress response: catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxydase (GPx) in the liver and kidney while OTA decrease only GPx activity and only in the kidney. The consumption of the diets contaminated with AA increase in the liver the synthesis of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha, interferon (IFN) gamma, Interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, and IL-8 synthesis, while IL-4 was increase by OTA and decreased by AA. In the kidney, AA increase the TNF alpha and IFN gamma synthesis as compared with the control. In conclusion, our results have shown that beside the alteration of serum markers, much known indicators for nephropathy, OTA and AA can induce inflammation and oxidative stress. In conclusion, the inflammatory effects were more pronounced for AA and at the liver level, while oxidative stress was induced both in the liver and kidney.

Aristolochic acid induces renal fibrosis by arresting proximal tubular cells in G2/M phase mediated by HIF‐1α

“…Second, in addition to hypoxia, HIF‐1α has been reported to be upregulated by other factors, such as nitric oxide, TNF‐α, angiotensin II, IL‐1, and insulin 39‐41 . Some of these factor(s), such as TNF‐α and IL‐1, have been reported to be increased in AAN 42,43 . These factors may induce the upregulation of HIF‐1α, but the precise mechanism needs to be further investigated in the future.…”

“…[39][40][41] Some of these factor(s), such as TNF-α and IL-1, have been reported to be increased in AAN. 42,43 These factors may induce the upregulation of HIF-1α, but the precise mechanism needs to be further investigated in the future.…”

Aristolochic Acid I-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Tianfu Broilers Is Associated with Oxidative-Stress-Mediated Apoptosis and Mitochondrial Damage

“…Although the hepatotoxicity of AA-I has been widely presented in several works, the comprehension of its underlying mechanism remains unknown. It has been indicated that oxidative stress plays an essential role in AA-I-induced liver damage [ 10 , 38 ]. Oxidative stress disrupts the oxidation–reduction balance, which is commonly seen in many biological reactions with increases in ROS levels [ 39 ].…”

“…Researchers have indicated that AAN is manifested by rapidly progressive interstitial nephropathy [ 7 ], and is thought to occur through multiple mechanisms, such as renal cell apoptosis, renal interstitial inflammatory cell infiltration, oxidative stress and DNA adducts [ 8 , 9 ]. Recently, AA-I-induced DNA adduct accumulation was detected in the liver, which implies that AA-I can induce hepatotoxicity [ 10 , 11 ]. At the same time, many reports have evidenced the direct association between the use of AA and hepatitis-B-related liver cancer [ 12 ].…”

Research Progress on Oxidative Stress and Its Nutritional Regulation Strategies in Pigs

“…Furthermore, a large number of in vivo and in vitro experiments have found that DON can induce the generation of free radicals in addition to mycotoxins, so some studies have also used DON to induce oxidative stress [15,38]. The results of Marin et al (2018) indicated that ochratoxin A (OTA) and aristolochic acid (AA) could induce inflammation and oxidative stress in the liver and kidney of weanling piglets [39].…”