A comparison between rib fracture patterns in peri- and post-mortem compressive injury in a piglet model

Bradley, Amanda; Swain, Michael V.; Waddell, John Neil; Das, Raj; Athens, Josie

doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.06.004

Cited by 18 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The effects of sawing in dry bone could differ from fresh bone due to increased presence of organic matter in fresh bone. This organic matter is mainly composed of collagen, granting greater bone elasticity, whereas diminishing organic content in dry bone changes the elastic properties from viscoelastic to brittle [19,20].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerosol production during autopsies: The risk of sawing in bone

Pluim

Jimenez-Bou

Gerretsen

et al. 2018

Forensic Science International

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When sawing during autopsies on human remains, fine dust is produced, which consists of particles of sizes that may fall within the human respirable range, and can act as vectors for pathogens. The goal of this study was to explore the potential effects of saw blade frequency and saw blade contact load on the number and size of airborne bone particles produced. The methodology involved the use of an oscillating saw with variable saw blade frequencies and different saw blade contact loads on dry human femora. Released airborne particles were counted per diameter by a particle counter inside a closed and controlled environment. Results corroborated with the hypotheses: higher frequencies or lower contact loads resulted in higher numbers of aerosol particles produced. However, it was found that even in the best-case scenario tested on dry bone, the number of aerosol particles produced was still high enough to provide a potential health risk to the forensic practitioners. Protective breathing gear such as respirators and biosafety protocols are recommended to be put into practice to protect forensic practitioners from acquiring pathologies, or from other biological hazards when performing autopsies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerosol production during autopsies: The risk of sawing in bone

Pluim

Jimenez-Bou

Gerretsen

et al. 2018

Forensic Science International

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“…Previous studies have used immature pigs as a model for infants to investigate body composition [11][12][13], relationships between bone density measures acquired by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and bone strength [14,15], fracture patterns [16,17], and classic metaphyseal lesions [8][9][10]. To replicate the skeletal structure of infant extremities, we selected 3-and 7-day-old piglets because the 3-and 7-day-old porcine stifle (knee) joints were comparable to those of 3-to 9-month-old infants [18] with regards to ossification and metaphyseal and epiphyseal morphology.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomechanical Investigation of the Classic Metaphyseal Lesion Using an Immature Porcine Model

Thompson

Bertocci

Kaczor³

et al. 2015

American Journal of Roentgenology

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Metaphyseal fractures, consistent with clinical classic metaphyseal lesions, resulted from a single loading event delivering varus or valgus bending to the stifle (knee). A classic metaphyseal lesion is a unique type of fracture with specific morphologic characteristics. Therefore, we suggest using the term "classic metaphyseal fracture" in lieu of classic metaphyseal lesion to improve precision of terminology.

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“…The current results have been tabulated for comparison to a number of closely related prior investigations (Table 2). 14,15,17,22,[26][27][28][29][30][31][32]36,38,40,41 Several observations are worth noting. First, the present investigation is to compare the mechanical properties of fully frozen versus fully thawed whole bone of any type, while simultaneously measuring temperature during the entire thawing process.…”

Section: Comparison To Prior Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…or machined bone samples, but only in a fresh state and/or after they were supposedly thawed, often to assess the effect of various factors: freezing duration, freezing method, freezing temperature, thawing time, thawing procedure, thawing temperature, rehydration method, and the number of freeze-thaw cycles. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] Third, only three prior studies reported elastic modulus and/or ultimate failure stress while bone was still frozen and then after it was thawed over a wide range of temperatures (2200°C to 200°C). [29][30][31] However, unlike this study, they assessed machined cortical bone beams or cylinders, rather than whole bone as often used by biomechanics researchers, and they did not report temperature change over time to identify the exact time for full thawing.…”

Section: Comparison To Prior Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomechanical properties and thermal characteristics of frozen versus thawed whole bone

Brazdă

Reeves

Langohr

et al. 2020

Proc Inst Mech Eng H

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Biomechanics research often requires cadaveric whole bones to be stored in a freezer and then thawed prior to use; however, the literature shows a variety of practices for thawing. Consequently, this is the first study to report the mechanical properties of fully frozen versus fully thawed whole bone as ‘proof of principle’. Two groups of 10 porcine ribs each were statistically equivalent at baseline in length, cross-sectional area, and bone mineral density. The two groups were stored in a freezer for at least 24 h, thawed in air at 23 °C for 4 h while temperature readings were taken to establish the time needed for thawing, and once again returned to the freezer for at least 24 h. Mechanical tests to failure using three-point bending were then done on the ‘frozen’ group immediately after removal from the freezer and the ‘thawed’ group when steady-state ambient air temperature was reached. Temperature readings over the entire thawing period were described by the line-of-best-fit formula T = (28.34t − 6.69)/(t + 0.38), where T = temperature in degree Celsius and t = time in hours, such that frozen specimens at t = 0 h had a temperature of −17 °C and thawed specimens at t = 1.75 h reached a steady-state temperature of 20 °C–23 °C. Mechanical tests showed that frozen versus thawed specimens had an average of 32% higher stiffness k, 34% higher ultimate force Fu, 28% lower ultimate displacement δu, 40% lower ultimate work Wu, 43% higher elastic modulus E, 37% higher ultimate normal stress σu, and 33% higher ultimate shear stress τu. Whole ribs failed at midspan primarily by transverse cracking (16 of 20 cases), oblique cracking (three of 20 cases), or surface denting (one of 20 cases), each having unique shapes for force versus displacement graphs differentiated mainly by ultimate force location.

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A comparison between rib fracture patterns in peri- and post-mortem compressive injury in a piglet model

Cited by 18 publications

References 35 publications

Aerosol production during autopsies: The risk of sawing in bone

Aerosol production during autopsies: The risk of sawing in bone

Biomechanical Investigation of the Classic Metaphyseal Lesion Using an Immature Porcine Model

Biomechanical properties and thermal characteristics of frozen versus thawed whole bone

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