A comparative study on direct production of ethyl levulinate from glucose in ethanol media catalysed by different acid catalysts

Xu, Guoqiang; Chang, Chun; Zhu, Weina; Li, Bo; Ma, Xinbin; Du, Fang

doi:10.2478/s11696-013-0410-0

Cited by 31 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Meanwhile, little amounts of glucose can be isomerized and entered the reaction route of fructose. It is widely accepted that the dehydration of fructose produces HMF via serial intermediates. However, the HMF yield in the reaction was very low, indicating the etherification of HMF to EMF is a rapid reaction.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

One‐pot ethanolysis of carbohydrates to promising biofuels: 5‐ethoxymethylfurfural and ethyl levulinate

Chen

Zheng

et al. 2017

Asia-Pacific J Chem Eng

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5-Ethoxymethylfurfural (EMF) and ethyl levulinate (EL) have been considered as the new promising biofuels. A comparative study was conducted for the direct conversion of carbohydrates into EMF and EL in different medium containing ethanol. The distribution and formation kinetics of EL, EMF, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and levulinic acid (LA) in pure ethanol and ethanol/organic solvent medium were compared, and the results showed that the addition of nhexane can improve the accumulation of EMF. When the volume ratio of ethanol to n-hexane was 6:4, 66.29% of EMF yield can be obtained from fructose at 120°C and 180 min. The total yield of the EMF and EL can reach to 83.71%, increased by 5.73% compared with that in pure ethanol medium. Moreover, water addition can suppress the etherification of HMF to EMF and promote the rehydration of HMF to LA in the process. On the basis, a putative reaction pathway for the conversion of carbohydrates in ethanol/n-hexane medium was proposed.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

One‐pot ethanolysis of carbohydrates to promising biofuels: 5‐ethoxymethylfurfural and ethyl levulinate

Chen

Zheng

et al. 2017

Asia-Pacific J Chem Eng

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“…When the catalyst dosage was increased to a certain extent, however, the number of active centers was no longer the limiting factor for the reaction and even promoted side reactions. As a consequence, the yield of EL decreased slightly 78 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a consequence, the yield of EL decreased slightly. 78 The catalytic performance of SO 4 2− /ZrO 2 @Al 2 O 3 is compared to those reported for hyper-crosslinked polymer-based carbonaceous materials, a hybrid zirconia zeolite, H-ZSM-5-supported phosphotungstic acid (HPW/H-ZSM-5), SO 4 2− /ZrO 2 grafted SBA-15 type double acid solid acid catalyst (SZ/SBA-15), SO 4 2− /ZrO 2 -Al 2 O 3 and sulfonated hydrothermal carbon (HTC-400-S) in Table 2. 16,17,21,75,79,80 The hyper-crosslinked polymer-based carbonaceous materials and hybrid zirconia zeolite were weak catalysts, and the EL yields obtained with the catalysts were 25 mol % (170°C, 8 h) and 21 mol% (230°C, 6 h), respectively.…”

Section: Effect Of Catalyst Dosagementioning

confidence: 99%

An alumina‐coated UiO‐66 nanocrystalline solid superacid with high acid density as a catalyst for ethyl levulinate synthesis

Zhang

2020

J of Chemical Tech & Biotech

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BACKGROUND: The zirconium-containing metal-organic framework (MOF) UiO-66 was used as a cell to synthesize SO 4 2 − /ZrO 2 @Al 2 O 3 , a high-density superacid with relatively strong Brønsted acidity. The UiO-66 MOF was first coated with alumina to form ZrO 2 @Al 2 O 3. Impregnation with ammonium sulfate and calcination at 500°C afforded the bimetallic composite solid superacid SO 4 2− /ZrO 2 @Al 2 O 3. RESULTS: Scanning and transmission electron microscopy images confirmed that UiO-66 was successfully coated with aluminium oxide, and its octahedral structure and uniform size (400-600 nm) were retained. SO 4 2− /ZrO 2 @Al 2 O 3 had a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of 301-330 m 2 g −1 and average pore diameter of 9.6-10.7 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared analysis showed that SO 4 2− /ZrO 2 @Al 2 O 3 contained S 6+ and Al 3+. Temperatureprogrammed ammonia desorption analysis showed that SO 4 2− /ZrO 2 @Al 2 O 3 contained super-strong acid sites. The total volume of desorbed ammonia reached 90-109 cm 3 g −1. Infrared spectra of adsorbed pyridine indicated that SO 4 2− /ZrO 2 @Al 2 O 3 contained mainly Lewis acid sites and was relatively rich in Brønsted acid sites. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the thermal stability of SO 4 2− /ZrO 2 @Al 2 O 3 was high. CONCLUSIONS: SO 4 2− /ZrO 2 @Al 2 O 3-3M (the impregnation concentration of ammonium sulfate was 3 mol L −1) and glucose were used to synthesize ethyl levulinate (EL) in ethanol. The highest EL yield of 37.5 mol% was obtained after reacting the mixture at 200°C for 5 h. An EL yield of 28.8 mol% was obtained after four consecutive reuses of the SO 4 2− /ZrO 2 @Al 2 O 3-3M catalyst.

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“…In view of the unsatisfactory catalytic effect of a single acid, the mixed-acid catalytic system has been receiving the spotlight for the production of EMF from glucose or glucose-based polymers [75][76][77]. For example, a mixedacid system was explored via a combination of Amberlyst-131 and zeolite Sn-BEA for EMF preparation from glucose, 31% EMF yield was obtained in ethanol for 24 h [25].…”

Section: Mixed-acid Catalytic Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent progress in the development of advanced biofuel 5-ethoxymethylfurfural

et al. 2020

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Biomass-derived 5-ethoxymethylfurfural (EMF) with excellent energy density and satisfactory combustion performance holds great promise to meet the growing demands for transportation fuels and fuel additives to a certain extent. In this review, we summarized the relative merits of the EMF preparation from different feedstocks, such as platform chemicals, biomass sugars and lignocellulosic biomass. Advances for EMF synthesis over homogeneous (i.e. inorganic acids and soluble metal salts), heterogeneous catalysts (i.e. zeolites, heteropolyacidbased hybrids, sulfonic acid-functionalized catalysts, and others) or mixed-acid catalysts were performed as well. Additionally, the emerging development for the EMF production was also evaluated in terms of the different solvents system (i.e. single-phase solvents, biphasic solvents, ionic liquids, and deep eutectic solvents). It is concluded with current challenges and prospects for advanced biofuel EMF preparation in the future.

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A comparative study on direct production of ethyl levulinate from glucose in ethanol media catalysed by different acid catalysts

Cited by 31 publications

References 23 publications

One‐pot ethanolysis of carbohydrates to promising biofuels: 5‐ethoxymethylfurfural and ethyl levulinate

One‐pot ethanolysis of carbohydrates to promising biofuels: 5‐ethoxymethylfurfural and ethyl levulinate

An alumina‐coated UiO‐66 nanocrystalline solid superacid with high acid density as a catalyst for ethyl levulinate synthesis

Recent progress in the development of advanced biofuel 5-ethoxymethylfurfural

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