A comparative study of the effect of gold seed particle preparation method on nanowire growth

Messing, Maria E.; Hillerich, Karla; Bolinsson, Jessica; Storm, Kristian; Johansson, Jonas; Dick, Kimberly A.; Deppert, Knut

doi:10.1007/s12274-010-0011-y

Cited by 45 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The main research focus on annealing effects has been devoted to NP formation during so-called thin film annealing [21][22][23][24][25][26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the constantly increasing demand of control in composition and crystal quality of NWs for nano-device applications, well-ordered NW arrays with homogenous dimensions are highly desirable. In general, NP size can be controlled by using for example commercial available colloidal NPs, by using an aerosol method to make and deposit the NPs or by using so-called thin film annealing to some extent [26]. However, all these types of NPs have the drawback of including randomness in the NP deposition across a surface since only the overall or total density of NPs can be defined using these types of NPs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Annealing of Au, Ag and Au–Ag alloy nanoparticle arrays on GaAs (100) and (111)B

et al. 2017

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Part of developing new strategies for fabrications of nanowire structures involves in many cases the aid of metal nanoparticles (NPs). It is highly beneficial if one can define both diameter and position of the initial NPs and make well-defined nanowire arrays. This sets additional requirement on the NPs with respect to being able to withstand a pre-growth annealing process (i.e. de-oxidation of the III-V semiconductor surface) in an epitaxy system.Recently, it has been demonstrated that Ag may be an alternative to using Au NPs as seeds for particle-seeded nanowire fabrication. This work brings light onto the effect of annealing of Au, Ag and Au-Ag alloy NP arrays in two commonly used epitaxial systems, the Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) and the Metalorganic Vapor Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE). The NP arrays are fabricated with the aid of Electron Beam Lithography on GaAs 100 and 111B wafers and the evolution of the NPs with respect to shape, size and position on the surfaces 2 are studied after annealing using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). We find that while the Au NP arrays are found to be stable when annealed up to 600 °C in a MOVPE system, a diameter and pitch dependent splitting of the particles are seen for annealing in a MBE system. The Ag NP arrays are less stable, with smaller diameters (≤ 50 nm) dissolving during annealing in both epitaxial systems. In general, the mobility of the NPs is observed to differ between the two the GaAs 100 and 111B surfaces. While the initial pattern is found be intact on the GaAs 111B surface for a particular annealing process and particle type, the increased mobility of the NP on the 100 may influence the initial pre-defined positions at higher annealing temperatures. The effect of annealing on Au-Ag alloy NP arrays suggests that these NP can withstand necessary annealing conditions for a complete de-oxidation of GaAs surfaces.

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“…The main research focus on annealing effects has been devoted to NP formation during so-called thin film annealing [21][22][23][24][25][26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Annealing of Au, Ag and Au–Ag alloy nanoparticle arrays on GaAs (100) and (111)B

et al. 2017

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“…The organics present on the Au particles formed in the SDG P appear to have had a higher oxygenated species content, while the organic species on the HTF-generated particles were primarily composed of aliphatic components. Messing et al [33] previously concluded that the choice of synthesis method has little effect on the properties of nanowires for which synthesized Au particles are used as seed particles. However, in the abovementioned study, the Au particles were sintered at high temperature; thus, the possible effect of the organic coating on the end results was reduced, as the organic coating on the metal particles was minimized.…”

Section: Mass Spectra Of Organic and Inorganic Impuritiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

In-situ characterization of metal nanoparticles and their organic coatings using laser-vaporization aerosol mass spectrometry

et al. 2015

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The development of methods to produce nanoparticles with unique properties via the aerosol route is progressing rapidly. Typical characterization techniques extract particles from the synthesis process for subsequent offline analysis, which may alter the particle characteristics. In this work, we use laser-vaporization aerosol mass spectrometry (LV-AMS) with 70-eV electron ionization for real-time, in-situ nanoparticle characterization. The particle characteristics are examined for various aerosol synthesis methods, degrees of sintering, and for controlled condensation of organic material to simulate surface coating/functionalization. The LV-AMS is used to characterize several types of metal nanoparticles (Ag, Au, Pd, PdAg, Fe, Ni, and Cu). The degree of oxidation of the Fe and Ni nanoparticles is found to increase with increased sintering temperature, while the surface organic-impurity content of the metal particles decreases with increased sintering temperature. For aggregate metal particles, the organic-impurity content is found to be similar to that of a monolayer. By comparing different equivalent-diameter measurements, we demonstrate that the LV-AMS can be used in tandem with a differential mobility analyzer to determine the compactness of synthesized metal particles, both during sintering and during material addition for surface functionalization. Further, materials supplied to the particle production line downstream of the particle generators are found to reach the generators as contaminants. The capacity for such in-situ observations is important, as it facilitates rapid response to undesired behavior within the particle production process. This study demonstrates the utility of real-time, in-situ aerosol mass spectrometric measurements to characterize metal nanoparticles obtained directly from the synthesis process line, including their chemical composition, shape, and contamination, providing the potential for effective optimization of process operating parameters.

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“…B: Gold seed particles are deposited, using nanoimprint lithography [67], electron beam lithography (EBL), or aerosol deposition [68,69].…”

Section: Polytypismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Doping of semiconductor nanowires

2011

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9Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning 11List of papers 15 AbstractIn this thesis, in situ doping during growth of III-V semiconductor nanowires, primarily for photovoltaic applications, is investigated. The nanowires were grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE), with gold seed particles. After growth the nanowires were characterized using various techniques, including photoluminescence, transmission electron microscopy and electrical measurements of contacted nanowires. Different III-V materials were studed, both binary materials such as InP and GaAs, and ternary materials such as Ga x In 1-x P. To achieve p-and n-doping, different precursors were employed.The results show that successful p-and n-doping can be achieved in many materials. The in situ doping is shown to affect the nanowire growth strongly, but differently depending on the combination of material and dopant. The main effects are related to the growth rate and the crystal structure. It is shown that the ndopant H 2 S increases the growth rate and induces wurtzite crystal structure in InP nanowires, while the p-dopant DEZn gives an unchanged growth rate with zinc blende crystal structure. En solcells förmåga att omvandla solljus till elektricitet kallas för verkningsgrad. Idag baseras de flesta solceller på grundämnet kisel, vilket är samma material som är basen för elektroniken i alla datorer. Detta material ger en medelmåttig verkningsgrad för ett medelmåttigt pris. För att göra solceller ännu mer användningsbara utvecklar många forskare och företag nya sorters solceller, som är billigare eller bättre än kiselceller. De mest effektiva solcellerna görs av så kallade III-V ("tre-fem") material, som kan ge ungefär dubbelt så mycket eleffekt som kiselceller. Tyvärr är III-V material dyra, vilket gör dessa solceller olönsamma för de flesta tillämpningar.Ett möjligt sätt att sänka kostnaderna är att göra III-V materialet i form av små, avlånga kristaller som kallas nanotrådar. Dessa nanotrådar är ungefär en tusendel så tjocka som ett hårstrå, vilket betyder att deras diameter är ungefär samma som ljusets våglängd. Mängden III-V material som används kan då minskas på två sätt. Dels kan man använda ett annat, billigare material som bärande substrat, dels behöver man bara täcka ungefär en tiondel av ytan. Nanotrådarna fungerar som små antenner som effektivt fångar in solljuset. I en solcell absorberas ljusenergin av elektroner, som tvingas i en bestämd riktning vilket skapar en elektrisk ström. För att göra detta används så kallad dopning, 13 vilket innebär att man stoppar in kontrollerade mängder av speciella föroreningar i den annars mycket rena kristallen. Med n-dopning skapar man ett överskott av elektroner, och med p-dopning skapar man ett underskott. Kombinerar man ett pdopat och ett n-dopat område får man en p-n övergång, som också kallas en diod. Det är i övergången mellan p-dopning och n-dopning som elektronerna tvingas i en speciell riktning, nämligen mot den n-dopade sidan. För att nanotrådarna ska fungera som solceller måste dä...

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A comparative study of the effect of gold seed particle preparation method on nanowire growth

Cited by 45 publications

References 21 publications

Annealing of Au, Ag and Au–Ag alloy nanoparticle arrays on GaAs (100) and (111)B

Annealing of Au, Ag and Au–Ag alloy nanoparticle arrays on GaAs (100) and (111)B

In-situ characterization of metal nanoparticles and their organic coatings using laser-vaporization aerosol mass spectrometry

Doping of semiconductor nanowires

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