A comparative study of the effects of light and heavy alkali-halide postdeposition treatment on CuGaSe2 and Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film solar cells

Grain Boundaries in Cu(In, Ga)Se2: A Review of Composition–Electronic Property Relationships by Atom Probe Tomography and Correlative Microscopy

“…Contrary to the heavy alkali elements K, Rb, and Cs, the PDT with lithium-fluoride has not received much attention. [145,146] Only little or no effect was found for LiF-PDT, and nothing was revealed about its possible impact on the GB electronic properties.…”

Alkali Metal Pretreatment for Precise Na Doping and Voc Improvement in CIGS Thin-Film Solar Cells

“…2 Besides, Na can also increase the conductivity of p-type layer, 10 passivate the compensating defects, [11][12][13]31 and reduce the dependence on the compositional ratios of Cu/(In + Ga)(CGI). 14 Different methods of Na doping are available, such as deposition of sodium-containing compounds on the absorber surface by evaporation 15,16,33 or spin coating 17,18 and preparing Na-containing films by sputtering with Na-containing targets. 19,35 Sodium is commonly incorporated into CIGS films by thermal diffusion from a soda lime glass (SLG) substrate during CIGS deposition.…”

“…Different methods of Na doping are available, such as deposition of sodium-containing compounds on the absorber surface by evaporation ,, or spin coating , and preparing Na-containing films by sputtering with Na-containing targets. , Sodium is commonly incorporated into CIGS films by thermal diffusion from a soda lime glass (SLG) substrate during CIGS deposition. The most efficient CIGS solar cells, including the world record device, were prepared in this way. , According to the three-stage CIGS growth method and the structure of the CIGS solar cell, Na doping can be achieved in several different ways, including coevaporation of Na compounds, such as Na 2 Se ,− and NaF during CIGS deposition, deposition of a SiO x :Na layer prior to Mo deposition, and the use of Na-doped Mo as the bottom layer of a Mo back contact. ,, Among these methods of Na incorporation, evaporating NaF is one of the most effective ways. − , This method is to introduce a NaF layer as the Na source before ,− ,, or after , CIGS growth.…”