A Comparative Study of LoRaWAN, SigFox, and NB-IoT for Smart Water Grid

Lalle, Yandja; Fourati, Lamia Chaari; Fourati, Mohamed; Barraca, João Paulo

doi:10.1109/giis48668.2019.9044961

Cited by 33 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The use of the LoRaWAN protocol in our proposed architecture will significantly reduce the power consumption of SWG devices during data communication and enable them to operate over a long time. It was reported in [8] that devices equipped with the LoRa interface could operate for ten years and more with batteries. Additionally, as SWG devices can communicate over long distances with the LoRaWAN protocol, a few numbers of gateways will need to install, resulting in a decrease in the total cost of the network.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Particularly for the SWG context, Mutchek and Williams [7] reviewed how smart technologies can be integrated into the water distribution systems and therefore contribute to the efficient management of this system. One main challenge with using information and communications technology (ICT) in water systems is the enormous amount of data collected by sensing devices and event detection devices (leakage detection nodes) and how this data is communicated and processed across all the components of the water grid [8], [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A smart water grid network for water supply management systems

Ali¹,

Saadi²,

Mahmood

et al. 2022

Bulletin EEI

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This paper proposes a smart water grids network (SWGN) architecture that combines the advantages of fog computing, internet of things (IoT), long range wide area network (LoRaWAN), and Software-defined networking (SDN). The main aims of the SWG architecture are to optimize data routing and monitor water supply and quality in real-time. SWGN handles a vast amount of data that is collected by IoT devices from different points related to water supply and quality. The data is processed in a distributed way by a number of fog servers that are located at the edge of the network. The fog controllers are deployed at the fog layer in order to take action locally for frequent events. The cloud layer has a cloud controller to take actions globally for infrequent events. The LoRaWAN provides communication technology that allows devices to operate regularly. The SDN technology decouples network traffic to control data routing decisions efficiently. A primitive evaluation under the Mininet emulator, focusing on SDN, shows the feasibility and efficiency of the architecture.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A smart water grid network for water supply management systems

Ali¹,

Saadi²,

Mahmood

et al. 2022

Bulletin EEI

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“…Lalle et al [ 36 , 37 ] conducted a comparative study between LoRaWAN and the two main competitors, Sigfox and NB-IoT, for smart water grid applications. This study was carried out on the basis of six criteria: power consumption, latency, scalability, quality of service, cost, communication range, and coverage.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of LoRaWAN 1.0 and 1.1 Protocols Security Mechanisms

Loukil

Fourati

Nayyar

et al. 2022

Sensors

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LoRaWAN is a low power wide area network (LPWAN) technology protocol introduced by the LoRa Alliance in 2015. It was designed for its namesake features: long range, low power, low data rate, and wide area networks. Over the years, several proposals on protocol specifications have addressed various challenges in LoRaWAN, focusing on its architecture and security issues. All of these specifications must coexist, giving rise to the compatibility issues impacting the sustainability of this technology. This paper studies the compatibility issues in LoRaWAN protocols. First, we detail the different protocol specifications already disclosed by the LoRa Alliance in two major versions, v1.0 and v1.1. This is done through presenting two scenarios where we discuss the communication and security mechanisms. In the first scenario, we describe how an end node (ED) and network server (NS) implementing LoRaWAN v1.0 generate session security keys and exchange messages for v1.0. In the second scenario, we describe how an ED v1.1 and an NS v1.1 communicate after generating security session keys. Next, we highlight the compatibility issues between the components implementing the two different LoRaWAN Specifications (mainly v1.0 and v1.1). Next, we present two new scenarios (scenarios 3 and 4) interchanging the ED and NS versions. In scenario three, we detail how an ED implementing LoRaWAN v1.1 communicates with an NS v1.0. Conversely, in scenario four, we explain how an ED v1.0 and an NS v1.1 communicate. In all these four scenarios, we highlight the concerns with security mechanism: show security session keys are generated and how integrity and confidentiality are guaranteed in LoRaWAN. At the end, we present a comparative table of these four compatibility scenarios.

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“…R ECENTLY, LPWAN technologies are become the most used communication technologies in IoT scenarios and therefore attract providers, researchers, and technology manufacturers' attention [1] [2]. LoRaWAN, one of the popular LPWANs, is used in various IoT applications such as smart metering [3], remote environmental monitoring [4], smart agriculture [5], healthcare [6], and so forth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Routing Strategies for LoRaWAN Multi-Hop Networks: A Survey and an SDN-Based Solution for Smart Water Grid

Lalle¹,

Fourati

et al. 2021

IEEE Access

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Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) are becoming the most suitable communication technologies in the Internet of Things (IoT) applications due to their low power consumption, long communication range and low cost. Currently, Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is one of the most popular LPWANs. Because it offers the possibility to build private networks with an open standard, LoRaWAN is the most deployed LPWAN solution. However, LoRaWAN supports only one-hop communication, that is, the end-devices are connected directly to the gateways. Since LoRa links can be kilometers long, its signals may undergo interference with other radio signals or encounter obstacles such as buildings, trees. In urban areas, to ensure that indoor LoRa devices can successfully transfer data back to remote gateways (GWs), a dense deployment of GWs is required. Unfortunately, the deployment of many GWs increases the network cost. Multi-hop communication can be exploited to increase LoRaWAN network coverage and packet delivery ratio (PDR) without deploying additional GWs. Therefore, in order to improve LoRaWAN performance, different routing approaches have been recently proposed aiming to create LoRaWAN multi-hop networks where some devices can play the role of relay nodes. However, in some use cases like Smart Water Grid (SWG), where nodes are buried underground inside the pipelines, the use of some SWG devices as relay nodes is not efficient in terms of energy consumption. In this paper, we first provide an in-depth survey on different routing protocols proposed for LoRaWAN multi-hop networks followed by a useful comparison between these approaches. Then, to enable efficient peer-2-peer (P2P) communication between end-devices in SWG, we propose a routing protocol based on Software Defined Networking (SDN) where some specific nodes called Relay Nodes (RNs) relay data from leakages detection nodes. In the case where a sensor detects a leak, a signal is sent to shut off the water valve automatically through our routing approach. Through simulations under LoRaSim, our proposed solution outperforms the standard single-hop network in terms of energy consumption and packet error rate. A range of issues, problems are provided and some research directions are suggested.

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A Comparative Study of LoRaWAN, SigFox, and NB-IoT for Smart Water Grid

Cited by 33 publications

References 12 publications

A smart water grid network for water supply management systems

A smart water grid network for water supply management systems

Analysis of LoRaWAN 1.0 and 1.1 Protocols Security Mechanisms

Routing Strategies for LoRaWAN Multi-Hop Networks: A Survey and an SDN-Based Solution for Smart Water Grid

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