“…Compared with manual identification and observation methods, computer-aided detection methods are more objective, accurate and convenient. With the rapid development of computer vision and deep learning technologies, computer-aided image analysis has been widely used in many research areas, including histopathology image analysis (Chen et al, 2022a , b ; Hu et al, 2022a , b ; Li et al, 2022 ), cytopathology image analysis (Rahaman et al, 2020a , 2021 ; Liu et al, 2022a , b ), object detection (Chen A. et al, 2022 ; Ma et al, 2022 ; Zou et al, 2022 ), microorganism classification (Yang et al, 2022 ; Zhang et al, 2022a ; Zhao et al, 2022a ), microorganism segmentation (Zhang et al, 2020 , 2021a ; Kulwa et al, 2023 ), and microorganism counting (Zhang et al, 2021b , 2022c , d ). In addition, with the advancement of computer hardware and the rapid development of computer-aided detection methods.…”