A Comparative Bio-Evaluation and Chemical Profiles of Calendula officinalis L. Extracts Prepared via Different Extraction Techniques

Abstract

Calendula officinalis L., (marigold), well known for its medicinal properties, has been extensively studied for its therapeutic properties. Nonetheless, as far as the literature could establish, no study has attempted to comparatively assess the biological (antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory potential) of the flowers, leaves, and roots of C. officinalis extracted using conventional (maceration and Soxhlet extraction (SE)) and non-conventional extraction (homogenizer (HAE) and ultrasound (UAE) assisted extraction) techniques. The detailed phytochemical profile of each extract along with the concentration of specific bioactive compounds has also been established. Total phenolic content was highest for the flower extracts while flavonoid content was highest in the leaf extracts. Phytochemical profiling showed that the extraction method influenced the phytochemical composition of the extract. Nicotiflorin was identified in the flower extracts only while amentoflavone occurred only in the roots, inferring that the occurrence of bioactive compounds varies within a plant. The flower extracts showed highest antioxidant potential while the roots extracts were potent inhibitors of cholinesterase and tyrosinase. This study provides valuable data on the influence of extraction techniques on the recovery of bioactive compounds from plants. In an endeavor to scale-up extraction from plant considering the more efficient extraction method is of paramount importance. Moreover, the study highlighted the necessity to thoroughly examine the biological activities of various parts of a plant obtained via different extraction protocols.

Chemical composition and biological activities of essential oils from Calendula officinalis L. flowers and leaves

“…Additionally, the activity and expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP‐2) were significantly inhibited via suppression of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway 45 . Interestingly, in our recent study, extracts of flowers, leaves and even roots from C officinalis obtained by different methods of extraction (homogenizer‐assisted, maceration, soxhlet and ultrasound‐assisted extraction) were found to be active inhibitors of the enzymes studied herein 27 …”

“…Nonetheless, in one of our previous works, the leaf, flower and the root extracts of C officinalis obtained by 4 different methods of extraction (homogenizer‐assisted extraction, maceration, ultrasound‐assisted extraction and soxhlet) were observed to possess antioxidant capacity in different assays conducted (DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, FRAP and metal chelation) 27 …”

“…26 Nonetheless, in one of our previous works, the leaf, flower and the root extracts of C officinalis obtained by 4 different methods of extraction (homogenizer-assisted extraction, maceration, ultrasound-assisted extraction and soxhlet) were observed to possess antioxidant capacity in different assays conducted (DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, FRAP and metal chelation). 27 Besides, sesquiterpenoids have been found to be one of the major groups of antioxidants, contributing to the antioxidant activity, particularly the radical scavenging ability of other plant essential oils. 28 In the current work, the essential oils were found to contain several sesquiterpenoids as major compounds; for example α-cadinol, τ-muurolol and τ-cadinol, which could have played a role in their obtained antioxidant potential.…”

“…45 Interestingly, in our recent study, extracts of flowers, leaves and even roots from C officinalis obtained by different methods of extraction (homogenizer-assisted, maceration, soxhlet and ultrasound-assisted extraction) were found to be active inhibitors of the enzymes studied herein. 27 Molecular docking has become an increasingly essential tool for drug discovery. Fundamentally, the aim of molecular docking is to predict the ligand-receptor complex structure using computational methods.…”

Calendula arvensis (Vaill.) L.: A Systematic Plant Analysis of the Polar Extracts from Its Organs by UHPLC-HRMS

“…Although C. arvensis flower and leaf extracts were extensively studied for their antioxidant efficacy [77], our study highlighted that the biological activity commonly ascribed to "flowers" is largely attributable also to a specific part of the inflorescence, including involucral bracts and fruits. Thus, the careful examination of the bioactivity of the different plant parts is also necessary to increase its potential for use [78].…”