A comparative analysis of mathematical models for relating indoor and outdoor toxic gas concentrations in accidental releases

Analytical solutions for exposures and toxic loads in well-mixed shelters in support of shelter-in-place assessments

“…Montoya et al [8] provide equations for the evolution of concentration within a single zone for three difference sorption models. For fully reversible sorption as modelled by Montoya et al [8] and where the toxic exponent is greater than one this will act to reduce the ratio of internal to external toxic load [5]. van Leeuwen [9] shows that in the case of irreversible absorption this ratio will also be reduced when n = 1.…”

“…However, the expressions above are applied widely [2,3]. Several other studies have considered the likely benefit of such sheltering-in-place (SIP) [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Chan et al [2] showed that the timing of subsequent evacuation and the toxic-load exponent can be important factors in determining the benefit of SIP strategy.…”

Complexity and uncertainty in the assessment of the Viareggio LPG railway accident

“…Generally speaking, the difference between indoor and outdoor concentrations depends on the frequency of the air changes (ventilation rate), i.e. on the typology of the building, on the wind speed and direction, on the difference between outside and inside temperatures, and on the number of doors and windows left open (Chen, 2009;Jetter & Whitfield, 2005;Lees, 2004;Montoya, Planas, & Casal, 2009). It is not possible to determine which houses had open windows the night of the accident.…”

Experimental Assessment of Water Sprays Utilization for Controlling Hydrogen Sulfide Releases in Confined Space

“…The dilution/dispersion capacity of water sprays has been studied for many years [5][6][7][8][9]. It can improve the dilution/dispersion rate of these hazardous components in air, by means of the subsequent mechanisms (containment action, diluting action, and physical and chemical absorption) [5,10].…”