A Compact CSRR-Based Sensor for Characterization of the Complex Permittivity of Dielectric Materials

Nogueira, Jurgen K. A.; Oliveira, João G. D.; Paiva, Samuel B.; Neto, Valdemir P. Silva; D’Assunção, Adaildo G.

doi:10.3390/electronics11111787

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(46 reference statements)

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“…As deduced in Table 6, the performance of the proposed sensor is comparable to the work presented in Refs. [20][21][22]27,28]. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first solid material permittivity characterization that depends on the reflection coefficient for stopband performance.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Microstrip Sensor Based on Ring Resonator Coupled with Double Square Split Ring Resonator for Solid Material Permittivity Characterization

et al. 2023

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This paper analyzes a microwave resonator sensor based on a square split-ring resonator operating at 5.122 GHz for permittivity characterization of a material under test (MUT). A single-ring square resonator edge (S-SRR) is coupled with several double-split square ring resonators to form the structure (D-SRR). The function of the S-SRR is to generate a resonant at the center frequency, whereas D-SRRs function as sensors, with their resonant frequency being very sensitive to changes in the MUT’s permittivity. In a traditional S-SRR, a gap emerges between the ring and the feed line to improve the Q-factor, but the loss increases as a result of the mismatched coupling of the feed lines. To provide adequate matching, the microstrip feed line is directly connected to the single-ring resonator in this article. The S-SRR’s operation switches from passband to stopband by generating edge coupling with dual D-SRRs located vertically on both sides of the S-SRR. The proposed sensor was designed, fabricated, and tested to effectively identify the dielectric properties of three MUTs (Taconic-TLY5, Rogers 4003C, and FR4) by measuring the microwave sensor’s resonant frequency. When the MUT is applied to the structure, the measured findings indicate a change in resonance frequency. The primary constraint of the sensor is that it can only be modeled for materials with a permittivity ranging from 1.0 to 5.0. The proposed sensors’ acceptable performance was achieved through simulation and measurement in this paper. Although the simulated and measured resonance frequencies have shifted, mathematical models have been developed to minimize the difference and obtain greater accuracy with a sensitivity of 3.27. Hence, resonance sensors offer a mechanism for characterizing the dielectric characteristics of varied permittivity of solid materials.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…In a study in Ref. [22] a new microwave planar two-port circuit structure was developed as a sensor to characterize the complex permittivity of dielectric materials, based on a CSRR inserted in the circuit patch. The permittivity characterization is based on the resonant frequency of S21.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstrip Sensor Based on Ring Resonator Coupled with Double Square Split Ring Resonator for Solid Material Permittivity Characterization

et al. 2023

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“…The two indicators both have good performance compared to permittivity sensors. For example, an enhanced substrate‐integrated waveguide (SIW) sensor has a sensitivity of approximately 0.67% and a Q factor of approximately 515; [ 51 ] a complementary split‐ring resonator based sensor has a sensitivity of approximately 4.82% and a Q factor of approximately 53.97; [ 52 ] and a 3D sensor for fluid detection has a Q factor of approximately 1556. [ 53 ] The enhancement of the electric field caused by resonance increases the sensitivity, and the loss mitigation increases the Q factor, illustrating that dielectric‐free ENZ metamaterials are superior platforms for sensing applications.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Accurate detection of the dielectric parameters of different materials is very significant in medical, [ 50 ] communications, [ 51 ] and industrial applications. [ 52 ] Here, a configuration for a sensitivity permittivity sensor based on the dielectric‐free ENZ metamaterial is demonstrated in Figure a. We fill MUT into the gap of the metal‐layer cavity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low‐Loss Epsilon‐Near‐Zero Metamaterials

Yan

Zhou

et al. 2023

Laser & Photonics Reviews

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Different from the classical periodic‐resonator‐based metamaterials, epsilon‐near‐zero (ENZ) metamaterials provide a unique paradigm to achieve equivalent electromagnetic characteristics in deep subwavelength scales, exhibiting unprecedented impacts on a broad variety of extreme‐small‐volume applications. By doping regular dielectric rods in the ENZ host, the effective permeability µeff of ENZ metamaterials is properly tuned for desired scattering properties and intrinsic impedance. However, losses in ENZ metamaterials severely limit the tuning range of the real part of µeff and result in an undesired imaginary part. Here, to mitigate the loss issue of ENZ metamaterials, a dielectric‐free approach is theoretically studied and experimentally verified by substituting dielectric dopants with metal‐layer dopants to construct a low‐loss resonant cavity. Therefore, the largest tuning range of µeff is achieved, which advances ENZ metamaterials from ideal cases to more extensive and practical applications. In addition to existing photonics and electronics applications of regular ENZ metamaterials, additional examples are studied to demonstrate the low‐loss benefits of layer‐type ENZ metamaterials, including integrated microfluidic switches and high‐sensitivity sensors with a sensitivity of 11.2% and quality factor of 2800. These examples reveal universal significance for wide‐range applications in extreme‐small‐volume devices and systems, such as integrated circuits, chips, and implanted devices.

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“…Additionally, the external field and Q-factor (~100) of CSRRs are helpful for MCD. Despite the already high Q-factor for CSRRs, various studies proposed new CSRR structures to increase the frequency-shifting sensitivity or the Q-factor further [ 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 ]. In [ 56 , 59 , 64 ], increasing the capacitance or inductance of the CSRR was used to increase the frequency-tuning sensitivity, and a higher Q-factor was realized by increasing the number of CSRRs [ 54 , 62 , 63 ] and using a T-shaped resonator [ 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave Dual-Crack Sensor with a High Q-Factor Using the TE20 Resonance of a Complementary Split-Ring Resonator on a Substrate-Integrated Waveguide

et al. 2023

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Microwave sensors have attracted interest as non-destructive metal crack detection (MCD) devices due to their low cost, simple fabrication, potential miniaturization, noncontact nature, and capability for remote detection. However, the development of multi-crack sensors of a suitable size and quality factor (Q-factor) remains a challenge. In the present study, we propose a multi-MCD sensor that combines a higher-mode substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) and complementary split-ring resonators (CSRRs). In order to increase the Q-factor, the device is miniaturized; the MCD is facilitated; and two independent CSRRs are loaded onto the SIW, where the electromagnetic field is concentrated. The concentrated electromagnetic field of the SIW improves the Q-factor of the CSRRs, and each CSRR creates its own resonance and produces a miniaturizing effect by activating the sensor below the cut-off frequency of the SIW. The proposed multi-MCD sensor is numerically and experimentally demonstrated for cracks with different widths and depths. The fabricated sensor with a TE20-mode SIW and CSRRs is able to efficiently detect two sub-millimeter metal cracks simultaneously with a high Q-factor of 281.

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A Compact CSRR-Based Sensor for Characterization of the Complex Permittivity of Dielectric Materials

Cited by 6 publications

References 24 publications

Microstrip Sensor Based on Ring Resonator Coupled with Double Square Split Ring Resonator for Solid Material Permittivity Characterization

Microstrip Sensor Based on Ring Resonator Coupled with Double Square Split Ring Resonator for Solid Material Permittivity Characterization

Low‐Loss Epsilon‐Near‐Zero Metamaterials

Microwave Dual-Crack Sensor with a High Q-Factor Using the TE20 Resonance of a Complementary Split-Ring Resonator on a Substrate-Integrated Waveguide

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