A community waterborne outbreak of gastro-enteritis attributed to <i>Shigella sonnei</i>

Alamanos, Yannis; Maipa, V.; Levidiotou, S.; Gessouli, E.

doi:10.1017/s0950268800004866

Cited by 40 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Isolation from water sources in these rural communities of antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli and Shigella is thus a primary concern. These organisms are mostly responsible for several gastrointestinal illness linked to contamination of drinking water (Taylor et al 1995;Alamanos et al 2000;Chen et al 2001). This is more prevalent in developing nations where the burden of infectious disease is characteristically throbbing and associated costs restrict effective treatment (Okeke 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of multiple antibiotic resistant Gram-negative bacteria isolated from surface and underground water sources in south western region of Nigeria

Oluyege

Dada

Odeyemi

2009

Water Science and Technology

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In most rural and urban settlements, particularly in Nigeria, wells, spring, streams or rivers and lakes serves as major sources of water supply for drinking and other domestic purposes. Unfortunately, many of the available water sources are not potable without some form of treatment which is seldom available in most settings. The use of untreated surface water sources for drinking and for domestic purposes remains a major threat to public health as these could serve as reservoirs the for transfer of antibiotic resistant pathogens. The incidence of resistant bacteria isolated from surface and underground water in six rural settlements in Ekiti State Nigeria was thus investigated. Gram-negative bacteria were isolated from wells, streams and boreholes in six rural settlements in Ekiti State Nigeria between January and April, 2006 and the prevalence of organisms exhibiting multiple antibiotic resistance to tetracycline, amoxicillin, cotrimoxazole, nitofurantoin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid and ofloxacin was observed. Gram-negative bacterial isolates comprised Escherichia coli (22.7%), Enterobacter aerogenes (2.5%), Salmonella spp. (13.3%), Shigella spp. (19.3%), Proteus spp. (18.5%), Klebsiella spp. (19.3%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4.2%). Over 10% of the bacteria were resistant to four or more antibiotic. Antibiotic resistance was highest in members of the genera Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, and Proteus. Given the prevalence of appalling sanitary facilities and inappropriate public antibiotic use, the possibility of antibiotic resistance selection, faecal dissemination and subsequent contamination of local water sources available for rural residents of the developing world is highlighted. The implication for clinical practice of infections caused by antibiotic resistant strains especially among immunodeficient individuals is also discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of multiple antibiotic resistant Gram-negative bacteria isolated from surface and underground water sources in south western region of Nigeria

Oluyege

Dada

Odeyemi

2009

Water Science and Technology

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“…Although ESBLproducing strains comprise Ͻ0.5% of all Shigella isolates after 1991 in Korea, S. sonnei has been identified as the leading cause of shigellosis in industrialized countries (2,8), and the disease is endemic in Korea. The emergence of ESBL production in S. sonnei could thus become a serious threat to public health.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases in Members of the Genus Shigella in the Republic of Korea

Kim

Kang

et al. 2004

J Clin Microbiol

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A nationwide survey was carried out in Korea to assess the prevalence of Shigella strains producing extended-spectrum ␤-lactamases (ESBLs). From 1991 to 2002, 5,911 clinical strains were isolated and screened for resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins. Twenty of the Shigella isolates were ESBL positive, based on the synergistic effects between clavulanate and selected ␤-lactams (ceftazidime and cefotaxime). Nucleotide sequence analysis of these isolates revealed that they harbored bla TEM-19 (eight isolates), bla TEM-15 (five isolates), bla TEM-52 (six isolates), bla TEM-17 (one isolate), bla TEM-20 (one isolate), and bla CTX-M-14 (three isolates). All the ESBL-encoding genes in this study were carried in conjugable plasmids. Thus, TEM-19, TEM-15, TEM-52, and CTX-M-14 ␤-lactamases can be considered common Korean ESBL types in Shigella sonnei and are probably transmitted through interspecies spread between medical facilities and the community in Korea. This is the first report of the presence of TEM-17, TEM-19, and TEM-20 in Korea and in S. sonnei.

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“…in 11 of 14 sample points in seven rivers. Other studies elsewhere have found increased dysentery risks from groundwater sources (Lewis et al 1982;VanEvery & Dawson 1995;Pedley & Howard 1997;Tshimanga et al 1997;Mazari-Hiriart et al 1999;Alamanos et al 2000;Maurer & Sturchler 2000).…”

Section: Endemic Dysenterymentioning

confidence: 91%

Child dysentery in the Limpopo Valley: a cohort study of water, sanitation and hygiene risk factors

Krometis

Characklis

Drummey

et al. 2009

Journal of Water and Health

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The objective of this cohort study was to assess risk factors for child dysentery and watery diarrhoea. The study participants consisted of 254 children aged 12-24 months in rural South Africa and Zimbabwe in households where drinking water was collected from communal sources.The main outcome measure was the most severe diarrhoea episode: dysentery, watery diarrhoea or none. For dysentery, drinking water from sources other than standpipes had a relative risk ratio of 3.8 (95% CI 1.5-9.8). Poor source water quality, as indicated by Escherichia coli counts of 10 or more cfu 100 ml 21 , increased risk by 2.9 (1.5-5.7). There were no other significant risk factors for dysentery and none for watery diarrhoea. In this study, endemic dysentery is associated only with faecal contamination of source water. Sources other than standpipes, including improved groundwater, are of greater risk. Remediation of water quality by treatment at source or in the household will be required to achieve access to safe drinking water in accordance with the 7th Millennium Development Goal.

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A community waterborne outbreak of gastro-enteritis attributed to Shigella sonnei

Cited by 40 publications

References 10 publications

Incidence of multiple antibiotic resistant Gram-negative bacteria isolated from surface and underground water sources in south western region of Nigeria

Incidence of multiple antibiotic resistant Gram-negative bacteria isolated from surface and underground water sources in south western region of Nigeria

Occurrence of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases in Members of the Genus Shigella in the Republic of Korea

Child dysentery in the Limpopo Valley: a cohort study of water, sanitation and hygiene risk factors

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