“…According to the New York City Police Department (NYPD), a hate crime is any crime where a person or group of people have been targeted for their belonging or perceived belonging to a particular race, color, religion, ethnicity, gender, age, disability, ancestry, national origin, or sexual orientation (NYPD, 2022). Scholars have noted that victim outcomes of hate crimes are severe, with victims reporting lower feelings of safety, lower trust in police, lower attachment to neighborhood, and lower overall well-being compared to victims of non-hate crimes (Benier, 2017;Feddes & Jonas, 2020;Mills, 2020aMills, , 2020b.…”