A combined computational and experimental investigation of the filtration function of splenic macrophages in sickle cell disease

Abstract

Being the largest lymphatic organ in the body, the spleen also constantly controls the quality of red blood cells (RBCs) in circulation through its two major filtration components, namely interendothelial slits (IES) and red pulp macrophages. In contrast to the extensive studies in understanding the filtration function of IES, there are relatively fewer works on investigating how the splenic macrophages retain the aged and diseased RBCs, i.e., RBCs in sickle cell disease (SCD). Herein, we perform a computational study informed by companion experiments to quantify the dynamics of RBCs captured and retained by the macrophages. We first calibrate the parameters in the computational model based on microfluidic experimental measurements for sickle RBCs under normoxia and hypoxia, as those parameters are not available in the literature. Next, we quantify the impact of a set of key factors that are expected to dictate the RBC retention by the macrophages in the spleen, namely, blood flow conditions, RBC aggregation, hematocrit, RBC morphology, and oxygen levels. Our simulation results show that hypoxic conditions could enhance the adhesion between the sickle RBCs and macrophages. This, in turn, increases the retention of RBCs by as much as five-fold, which could be a possible cause of RBC congestion in the spleen of patients with SCD. Our study on the impact of RBC aggregation illustrates a ’clustering effect’, where multiple RBCs in one aggregate can make contact and adhere to the macrophages, leading to a higher retention rate than that resulting from RBC-macrophage pair interactions. Our simulations of sickle RBCs flowing past macrophages for a range of blood flow velocities indicate that the increased blood velocity could quickly attenuate the function of the red pulp macrophages on detaining aged or diseased RBCs, thereby providing a possible rationale for the slow blood flow in the open circulation of the spleen. Furthermore, we quantify the impact of RBC morphology on their tendency to be retained by the macrophages. We find that the sickle and granular-shaped RBCs are more likely to be filtered by macrophages in the spleen. This finding is consistent with the observation of low percentages of these two forms of sickle RBCs in the blood smear of SCD patients. Taken together, our experimental and simulation results aid in our quantitative understanding of the function of splenic macrophages in retaining the diseased RBCs and provide an opportunity to combine such knowledge with the current knowledge of the interaction between IES and traversing RBCs to apprehend the complete filtration function of the spleen in SCD.

Red blood cell passage through deformable interendothelial slits in the spleen: Insights into splenic filtration and hemodynamics

“…While protein-level RBC models can simulate pathological alterations in RBC membrane structure associated with blood disorders, their application to modeling blood cell suspensions or blood flow is hindered by computational costs. Building upon our prior research on sickle cell adhesion [59, 60, 20], we implement a cellular-level model [61] based on DPD [62] to simulate normal and sickle RBCs, as well as macrophages (for additional details, refer to section S1).…”

“…Secondly, the inherent risk of potentially severe intraperitoneal hemorrhage precludes invasive exploration of the human spleen through techniques such as biopsy or needle aspiration. Therefore, current research on the spleen and IES filtering function mainly includes three methods: ex vivo [15, 16, 17], in vitro [18, 19, 20, 21], and in silico [22, 23, 24]. Safeukui et al .…”