“…7a (i), (ii), b (i)), in vivo bulk tissue polarimetry is geared towards applications 24 , 256 , 265 . Typical backscattering-mode polarimetry includes polarisation endoscopy 24 , reflection MM microscopy 16 , 266 , MM colposcopy 180 , 267 , wide-field handheld polarimetry 16 , and PS-OCT 268 (see Fig. 7a (iii), b (ii)), targeted to clinical diagnosis in vivo.…”
Section: Vectorial Information Analysis For Biomedical Applicationsmentioning
Many polarisation techniques have been harnessed for decades in biological and clinical research, each based upon measurement of the vectorial properties of light or the vectorial transformations imposed on light by objects. Various advanced vector measurement/sensing techniques, physical interpretation methods, and approaches to analyse biomedically relevant information have been developed and harnessed. In this review, we focus mainly on summarising methodologies and applications related to tissue polarimetry, with an emphasis on the adoption of the Stokes–Mueller formalism. Several recent breakthroughs, development trends, and potential multimodal uses in conjunction with other techniques are also presented. The primary goal of the review is to give the reader a general overview in the use of vectorial information that can be obtained by polarisation optics for applications in biomedical and clinical research.
“…7a (i), (ii), b (i)), in vivo bulk tissue polarimetry is geared towards applications 24 , 256 , 265 . Typical backscattering-mode polarimetry includes polarisation endoscopy 24 , reflection MM microscopy 16 , 266 , MM colposcopy 180 , 267 , wide-field handheld polarimetry 16 , and PS-OCT 268 (see Fig. 7a (iii), b (ii)), targeted to clinical diagnosis in vivo.…”
Section: Vectorial Information Analysis For Biomedical Applicationsmentioning
Many polarisation techniques have been harnessed for decades in biological and clinical research, each based upon measurement of the vectorial properties of light or the vectorial transformations imposed on light by objects. Various advanced vector measurement/sensing techniques, physical interpretation methods, and approaches to analyse biomedically relevant information have been developed and harnessed. In this review, we focus mainly on summarising methodologies and applications related to tissue polarimetry, with an emphasis on the adoption of the Stokes–Mueller formalism. Several recent breakthroughs, development trends, and potential multimodal uses in conjunction with other techniques are also presented. The primary goal of the review is to give the reader a general overview in the use of vectorial information that can be obtained by polarisation optics for applications in biomedical and clinical research.
“…The polarization imaging approach has shown broad application potential in biomedical studies in recent years for its advantages of being noninvasive, label free, and sensitive to subwavelength structures ( Alali and Vitkin, 2015 ; Qi and Elson, 2017 ; He C et al, 2019 ; He et al, 2021 ). The Mueller matrix, which characterizes the change of polarization state of light after light–matter interaction, contains rich microstructural information about the medium ( Chen et al, 2020 ; Hu et al, 2020 ). However, it is often difficult to obtain specific microstructural information through individual Mueller matrix elements ( He et al, 2022 ; Li et al, 2022 ).…”
The Mueller matrix contains abundant micro- and even nanostructural information of media. Especially, it can be used as a powerful tool to characterize anisotropic structures quantitatively, such as the particle size, density, and orientation information of fibers in the sample. Compared with unpolarized microscopic imaging techniques, Mueller matrix microscopy can also obtain some essential structural information about the sample from the derived parameters images at low resolution. Here, to analyze the comprehensive effects of imaging resolution on polarization properties obtained from the Mueller matrix, we, first, measure the microscopic Mueller matrices of unstained rat dorsal skin tissue slices rich in collagen fibers using a series of magnifications or numerical aperture (NA) values of objectives. Then, the first-order moments and image texture parameters are quantified and analyzed in conjunction with the polarization parameter images. The results show that the Mueller matrix polar decomposition parameters diattenuation D, linear retardance δ, and depolarization Δ images obtained using low NA objective retain most of the structural information of the sample and can provide fast imaging speed. In addition, the scattering phase function analysis and Monte Carlo simulation based on the cylindrical scatterers reveal that the diattenuation parameter D images with different imaging resolutions are expected to be used to distinguish among the fibrous scatterers in the medium with different particle sizes. This study provides a criterion to decide which structural information can be accurately and rapidly obtained using a transmission Mueller matrix microscope with low NA objectives to assist pathological diagnosis and other applications.
“…This allowed us to replace the photosensor matrix with just one or two photosensors with a sensing area of several hundred nanometers. The polarization sensor considered here can find applications for controlling the polarization states in biology [ 15 ], medicine [ 16 , 17 ], and microscopy [ 18 , 19 ].…”
We investigated an optical microsensor of the polarization state of a laser light based on a metalens. In contrast to known polarization sensors based on metasurfaces that deflect different polarization types using various angles to the optical axis, the studied polarization sensor generated different patterns in the metalens focus to realize varied polarization states: left circular polarization generated a light ring in the focus, right circular polarization generated a circular focal spot, and linear polarization generated an elliptic spot with two sidelobes. Moreover, the tilt angle of the linear polarization matched the tilt angle of the elliptic focal spot. The simulation results were consistent with the theoretical predictions. A metalens with a diameter of several tens of microns was designed and fabricated in a thin amorphous silicon film with a thickness of 120 μm and a low aspect ratio, high numerical aperture, and short focal distance equal to a wavelength of 633 nm.
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