A Cohort Study of Health Care Workers to Assess Nosocomial Transmissibility of Nipah Virus, Malaysia, 1999

Mounts, Anthony W.; Kaur, Hanjeet; Parashar, Umesh D.; Ksiazek, Thomas G.; Cannon, Deborah; Arokiasamy, John T.; Anderson, Larry J.; Lye, Munn Sann

doi:10.1086/318822

Cited by 100 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…It is usually associated with close contact with a NiV patient who has respiratory symptoms. Except for the outbreak in Siliguri, India in 2001 (2) nosocomial infections have not occurred despite an absence of barrier nursing methods and exposure to body fluids of NiV patients (18). However, the outbreak in Siliguri demonstrates that nosocomial transmission may be a major source of infection and as demonstrated in the current study, the potential for vehicle-borne transmission exists.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

Henipavirus susceptibility to environmental variables

et al. 2008

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The routes of henipavirus transmission between hosts are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to measure the persistence of henipaviruses under various environmental conditions and thereby gain an insight into likely mechanisms of transmission. Henipaviruses survived for more than four days at 22°C in pH-neutral fruit bat urine but were sensitive to higher temperatures and pH changes. On mango flesh, survival time varied depending on temperature and fruit pH, ranging from two hours to more than two days. Desiccation of viruses substantially reduced survival time to less than two hours. The sensitivity of henipaviruses to pH, temperature and desiccation indicates a need for close contact between hosts for transmission to occur, although under ideal conditions henipaviruses can persist for extended periods facilitating vehicle-borne transmission.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

Henipavirus susceptibility to environmental variables

et al. 2008

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“…A cross-species transmission event may result in infection, and possibly in disease, in an exposed individual, but transmission of the virus between members of the new species does not necessarily occur. For example, human diseases caused by viruses such as Sin Nombre (Bunyaviridae) and Nipah (Paramyxoviridae) viruses result from exposure to infected reservoir species but infected humans do not transmit the virus effectively to other humans (10,27,29,32,33). In contrast, human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2, respectively), which derive from simian immunodeficiency viruses (13,15) (all lentiviruses in the family Retroviridae), are readily transmitted from human to human and are effectively maintained in the human population.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Feline Lentivirus Evolution in Cross-Species Infection Reveals Extensive G-to-A Mutation and Selection on Key Residues in the Viral Polymerase

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et al. 2006

J Virol

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Factors that restrict a virus from establishing productive infection in a new host species are important to understand because cross-species transmission events are often associated with emergent viral diseases. To determine the evolutionary pressures on viruses in new host species, we evaluated the molecular evolution of a feline immunodeficiency virus derived from a wild cougar, Puma concolor, during infection of domestic cats. Analyses were based on the coding portion of genome sequences recovered at intervals over 37 weeks of infection of six cats inoculated by either intravenous or oral-nasal routes. All cats inoculated intravenously, but only one inoculated orally-nasally, became persistently viremic. There were notable accumulations of lethal errors and predominance of G-to-A alterations throughout the genome, which were marked in the viral polymerase gene, pol. Viral structural (env and gag) and accessory (vif and orfA) genes evolved neutrally or were under purifying selection. However, sites under positive selection were identified in reverse transcriptase that involved residues in the nucleotide binding pocket or those contacting the RNA-DNA duplex. The findings of extensive G-to-A alterations in this cross-species infection are consistent with the recently described editing of host cytidine deaminase on lentivirus genomes. Additionally, we demonstrate that the primary site of hypermutation is the viral pol gene and the dominant selective force acting on this feline immunodeficiency virus as it replicates in a new host species is on key residues of the virus polymerase.

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“…In addition, both NiV and HeV have been isolated from oropharyngeal and respiratory secretions from humans and animals (36)(37)(38), which emphasizes the importance of the respiratory tract in virus replication and potential transmission. In hamsters, NiV infection of the respiratory tract is initiated in the trachea and progresses down the respiratory tract, infecting the bronchial epithelium and finally causing severe hemorrhagic pneumonia, including the characteristic syncytium formation in the pulmonary endothelium.…”

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confidence: 99%