A Cluster of Meningococcal Disease on a School Bus Following Epidemic Influenza

Harrison, Lee H.; Armstrong, Carl W.; Jenkins, Suzanne R.; Harmon, Maurice W.; Ajello, Gloria W.; Miller, Gabrielle F.; Broome, Claire V.

doi:10.1001/archinte.1991.00400050141028

Cited by 64 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(1 reference statement)

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“…For example, the coincidence of peak incidence of invasive pneumococcal and meningococcal disease with "influenza season" in North America has led some investigators to postulate that modification of the host immune response as a result of influenza infection predisposes to infection with these pathogens (38,78). Other examples of diseases with shared seasonality and the potential for pathogen-pathogen interaction include invasive group A streptococcal disease and varicella zoster virus infection (53), and bacterial superinfection in children with seasonal measles virus infection (26).…”

Section: Pathogen-pathogen Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonality of Infectious Diseases

Fisman

2007

Annu. Rev. Public Health

308

266

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Seasonality, a periodic surge in disease incidence corresponding to seasons or other calendar periods, characterizes many infectious diseases of public health importance. The recognition of seasonal patterns in infectious disease occurrence dates back at least as far as the Hippocratic era, but mechanisms underlying seasonality of personto-person transmitted diseases are not well understood. Improved understanding will enhance understanding of host-pathogen interactions and will improve the accuracy of public health surveillance and forecasting systems. Insight into seasonal disease patterns may be gained through the use of autocorrelation methods or construction of periodograms, while seasonal oscillation of infectious diseases can be easily simulated using simple transmission models. Models demonstrate that small seasonal changes in host or pathogen factors may be sufficient to create large seasonal surges in disease incidence, which may be important particularly in the context of global climate change. Seasonality represents a rich area for future research.

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Section: Pathogen-pathogen Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonality of Infectious Diseases

Fisman

2007

Annu. Rev. Public Health

308

266

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“…Concomitant upper respiratory infection has been associated with an increase risk of carriage and invasive disease in some settings (54,162,201,246,256,395). For example, an outbreak among five middle school students on the same school bus in rural Virginia was associated with a severe outbreak of influenza B (162).…”

Section: Risk Factors For Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospects for Vaccine Prevention of Meningococcal Infection

2006

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SUMMARY Neisseria meningitidis is the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in the United States and worldwide. A serogroup A/C/W-135/Y polysaccharide meningococcal vaccine has been licensed in the United States since 1981 but has not been used universally outside of the military. On 14 January 2005, a polysaccharide conjugate vaccine that covers meningococcal serogroups A, C, W-135, and Y was licensed in the United States for 11- to 55-year-olds and is now recommended for the routine immunization of adolescents and other high-risk groups. This review covers the changing epidemiology of meningococcal disease in the United States, issues related to vaccine prevention, and recommendations on the use of the new vaccine.

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“…Harrison et al [6] document five cases of serogroup C meningococcal disease in children who travelled regularly on the same school bus. No other links were found between the cases and the authors concluded that transmission had occurred on the school bus.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Harrison et al [6] reported the use of electrophoretic isoenzyme testing which found all five cases had a rare and identical isoenzyme pattern. Beard et al [7] reported that porA/porB genotyping yielded identical sequences ; none of the serogroup B isolates that year in the same geographical area had an Our literature search also generated four papers that documented meningococcal disease in passengers of long duration flights without known occurrence of secondary cases.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of transmitting meningococcal infection by transient contact on aircraft and other transport

Rachael¹,

Schubert

Hellenbrand

et al. 2009

Epidemiol. Infect.

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SUMMARYContact tracing of persons with meningococcal disease who have travelled on aeroplanes or other multi-passenger transport is not consistent between countries. We searched the literature for clusters of meningococcal disease linked by transient contact on the same plane, train, bus or boat. We found reports of two clusters in children on the same school bus and one in passengers on the same plane. Cases within each of these three clusters were due to strains that were genetically indistinguishable. In the aeroplane cluster the only link between the two cases was through a single travel episode. The onset of illness (2 and 5 days after the flight) is consistent with infection from an unidentified carrier around the time of air travel. In contrast to the established risk of transmission from a case of tuberculosis, it is likely that the risk from a case of meningococcal disease to someone who is not identified as a close contact is exceedingly low. This should be considered in making international recommendations for passenger contact tracing after a case of meningococcal disease on a plane or other multi-passenger transport.

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A Cluster of Meningococcal Disease on a School Bus Following Epidemic Influenza

Cited by 64 publications

References 18 publications

Seasonality of Infectious Diseases

Seasonality of Infectious Diseases

Prospects for Vaccine Prevention of Meningococcal Infection

Risk of transmitting meningococcal infection by transient contact on aircraft and other transport

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