A Closer Look at Descriptive Norms and Indoor Tanning: Investigating the Intermediary Role of Positive and Negative Outcome Expectations

Carcioppolo, Nick; Dunleavy, Victoria Orrego; Myrick, Jessica Gall

doi:10.1080/10410236.2018.1517632

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Specifically, participants were less likely to agree with the statement "I look better with a suntan" after viewing a personalized photo that revealed (invisible) UV damage to their skin. Consistent with the theory of normative social behavior, there was also support for a serial norm-benefit model that positioned appearance norms as a potential driver of appearance benefits (Carcioppolo et al, 2019). Both of these findings parallel past work that UV images might influence sun safe behaviors via appearance-based perceptions .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

“…For example, past work has identified appearance norms related to tanning and appearance benefits of tanning as two important variables which are strongly related (Jackson & Aiken, 2000, 2006), but whether they unfold as a process to explain message impact is unclear. One intriguing possibility is that appearance norms influence appearance benefits; if a person perceives tanning as normatively desirable then it increases their own belief that it is beneficial (see, e.g., Carcioppolo et al, 2019). Accordingly, the current study postulates a serial model wherein appearance norms and benefits indirectly link tailored UV exposure to outdoor tanning (H4).…”

Section: Direct and Indirect Effects Of Tailored Uv Photographsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tailored visuals, implementation interventions, and sun safe behavior: A longitudinal message experiment.

Jensen¹,

Parsons²,

Nagelhout³

et al. 2023

Health Psychology

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Objective: One way to communicate skin cancer risk is through ultraviolet (UV) photographs, which can depict the target person (tailored visual) or someone else (stock visual). There is a need for more longitudinal research examining the relative impact of tailored UV photographs compared with other message interventions that could increase sun safe behaviors. Method: Students 14-18 years of age (N = 654) at eleven high schools in Utah were recruited to participate in a longitudinal experiment (assessments: pretest, posttest, 1 month follow-up) comparing the relative persuasive impact of receiving either (a) stock and tailored UV photographs or (b) stock UV photographs and an implementation intervention on outdoor tanning behavior. Participants completed measures of fear, appearance norms and benefits, threat susceptibility/severity, self-efficacy, response efficacy, freedom threat, reactance, and outdoor tanning behavior. Results: Compared with the implementation intervention, participants in the tailored UV condition reported increased fear and freedom threat and decreased appearance norms and benefits of tanning immediately following exposure to the intervention and decreased outdoor tanning 1 month after the intervention. Indirect effects also emerged with tailored UV exposure decreasing outdoor tanning via appearance benefits and increasing outdoor tanning when immediate fear triggered psychological reactance. Conclusions: The results contribute to research on lay reactions to tailored visuals, implementation interventions, and theorizing the indirect effects of affect and cognition across time.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Section: Direct and Indirect Effects Of Tailored Uv Photographsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tailored visuals, implementation interventions, and sun safe behavior: A longitudinal message experiment.

Jensen¹,

Parsons²,

Nagelhout³

et al. 2023

Health Psychology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…It is worth noting that other research on the theory of normative social behavior has found that self-efficacy moderates the relationship between descriptive norms and behaviors [ 37 ], as do outcome expectations [ 38 ], issue familiarity [ 39 ], and external monitoring [ 40 ]. These findings, together with those reported in this paper, remind us that, to take advantage of the influence of social norms on behaviors, interventions may want to change social norms (e.g., increase perceived injunctive norms that non-pregnant women should be taking IFA) as well as these key moderators (that, in turn, augment the influence of norms).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining intentions to take iron supplements to inform a behavioral intervention: The Reduction in Anemia through Normative Innovations (RANI) project

et al. 2021

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Background More than half of women of reproductive age in India have anemia. Over the last decade, India has made some progress towards reducing anemia in pregnant women, but non-pregnant women, who make up the largest sub group of people with anemia, are largely disregarded. Objectives The objective of this paper is to examine intentions to take iron supplements and factors associated with intentions to inform a social norms-based behavioral intervention to increase uptake of iron supplements and reduce anemia in Odisha, India. Methods We collected data from 3,914 randomly sampled non-pregnant women of reproductive age in 81 villages. We conducted a survey and took hemocue (anemia level) readings from each participant. We analyzed data using linear regression models beginning with demographics and social norms and adding other factors such as self-efficacy to take iron supplements, anemia risk perception, and knowledge about anemia in a subsequent model. Results 63% of women in our sample were anemic but less than 5% knew they were anemic. Despite national guidelines that all women of reproductive age should take weekly iron supplements to prevent anemia, less than 3% of women in our sample were currently taking them. While actual use was low, intentions were rather high. On a five point Likert scale where higher numbers meant more intentions to take supplements, average intentions were above the midpoint (M = 3.48, SD = 1.27) and intentions and iron supplement use were significantly correlated (r = .10, p < .001). Both injunctive norms and collective norms were associated with intentions to take iron supplements but descriptive norms were not. Other significant factors included age, breastfeeding, knowledge, self-efficacy, and outcome expectations. The final model accounted for 74% of the variance in iron supplement intentions. Conclusions In this context, where the actual behavior is low but intentions to enact the behavior are high, starting an intervention with injunctive norms messaging (expectations around the behavior) and self-efficacy to enact the behavior is the step we recommend based on our results. As an intervention unfolds and iron supplement use increases, descriptive norms messaging (that people are indeed taking iron supplements) may add value.

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“…As such, it may not be surprising that ultraviolet exposure can make people feel good. Expectations or beliefs that tanning will result in a positive emotional state have been consistently found to predict both indoor and outdoor tanning [27][28][29]. Conversely, individuals who have negative emotional associations with tanning (eg, they think they will be uncomfortable while doing it or are anxious about the health risks) are less likely to perform the behavior [30].…”

Section: Emotions and Tanningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations Between Emotions, Social Media Use, and Sun Exposure Among Young Women: Ecological Momentary Assessment Study

Willoughby¹,

Myrick²,

Gibbons³

et al. 2020

JMIR Dermatol

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Background Research has pointed to a connection between social media use, emotions, and tanning behaviors. However, less is known about the role specific emotions may play in influencing social media use and how emotions and social media use may each be associated with outdoor tanning. Objective This paper aims to examine the connection between emotions, social media use, and outdoor tanning behaviors among young women, a group particularly important for skin cancer prevention efforts. Methods We used ecological momentary assessment to collect data from 197 women aged 18 to 25 years 3 times a day for 7 days in July 2018. We collected data from women in 2 states. Results We found that boredom was associated with increased time spent on social media and that increased time spent on social media was associated with increased time spent outdoors without sun protection. Conclusions Our results highlight that social media may be a particularly important channel for skin cancer prevention efforts targeting young women, as more social media use was associated with increased time spent outdoors with skin exposed. Researchers should consider the role of emotions in motivating social media use and subsequent tanning behaviors. Additionally, as boredom was associated with social media use, intervention developers would benefit from developing digital and social media interventions that entertain as well as educate.

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A Closer Look at Descriptive Norms and Indoor Tanning: Investigating the Intermediary Role of Positive and Negative Outcome Expectations

Cited by 11 publications

References 34 publications

Tailored visuals, implementation interventions, and sun safe behavior: A longitudinal message experiment.

Tailored visuals, implementation interventions, and sun safe behavior: A longitudinal message experiment.

Examining intentions to take iron supplements to inform a behavioral intervention: The Reduction in Anemia through Normative Innovations (RANI) project

Associations Between Emotions, Social Media Use, and Sun Exposure Among Young Women: Ecological Momentary Assessment Study

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