A Clinical and Physiological Relationship between Anxiety and Depression

Kelly, Desmond; Walter, C. J. S.

doi:10.1192/bjp.115.521.401

Cited by 45 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Many have noted reduced SCR in depression, even to tones of 120-dB intensity (Greenfield et al 1963). Diminished increase in FBF during mental arithmetic among depressives was noted by Kelly and Walter (1969) and Bruno et al (1983), among others, while diminished salivary output has been reported by Noble and Lader (1971) and others. Thus, depressives, too, have been shown to be consistently deficient in a variety of responses.…”

Section: Or Nonresponding As a Possible Trait Marker For A Subtype Of...mentioning

confidence: 80%

Orienting Response Research in Schizophrenia: Where We Have Come and Where We Might Go

Bernstein

1987

Schizophrenia Bulletin

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This review and critique of orienting response (OR) research in schizophrenia examines the initial Western work, outlines current positions, and notes several areas in which further lines of research are needed. Discussion involves characteristics of schizophrenic patients who are OR nonresponders; OR nonresponding as a possible trait marker; the question of OR nonresponding in child patients; the association between negative symptoms and OR nonresponding as well as the possible existence of a specific subgroup marked by emotional withdrawal and cognitive disorganization; slow habituation as a prognostic index in high-risk children and adult acute patients; the need for research into defensive and startle responses as well as the OR, and possible interactions among them; electroencephalographic-autonomic differences in OR; and the need to explore the functional meaning of OR nonresponding in schizophrenia.

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Section: Or Nonresponding As a Possible Trait Marker For A Subtype Of...mentioning

confidence: 80%

Orienting Response Research in Schizophrenia: Where We Have Come and Where We Might Go

Bernstein

1987

Schizophrenia Bulletin

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“…The physiological findings are summarized in Table II. Heart rate was significantly elevated in anxious patients in comparison to normal subjects in most studies (Jones & Mellersh, 1946;Tan, 1964;Wing, 1964;Kelly & Walter, 1969;Bond et al, 1974;Freedman et al, 1984;Roth et al, 1986;Taylor et al, 1986;Shear et al, 1987), but not in all (Ackner, 1956;Cameron et al, 1987;Mathew et al, 1980c;Mathew & Wilson, 1986). Heart rate was significantly increased during both yohimhine-induced (Charney et al, 1987) and situational panic attacks (Woods et al, 1987).…”

Section: Autonomic and Cardiovascular Changesmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Finger pulse volume and forearm blood flow are different in anxious patients than in normals (Ackner, 1956;Kelly, 1966;Kelly & Walter, 1969); changes associated with acute anxiety also have been observed (Lader & Mathews, 1970). Forearm blood flow probably is increased (Jones & MeUersh, 1946;Kelly, 1966;Kelly & Walter, 1969), although one study did not find an increase (Harper et al, 1965); pulse volume (Ackner, 1956) and finger temperature, a variable which might be expected to correlate positively with pulse volume (Freedman et al, 1984), are decreased. These observations are consistent with peripheral vasoconstriction associated with dilation of more central vessels, as well as with increased heart rate.…”

Section: Autonomic and Cardiovascular Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systemic hormonal and physiological abnormalities in anxiety disorders

Cameron

Nesse

1988

Psychoneuroendocrinology

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Among the studies of systemic hormonal and physiological abnormalities associated with anxiety disorders, the most consistent and extensive findings suggest (a) peripheral adrenergic hyperactivity (including increases in norepinephrine but not epinephrine) and functional dysregulation, (b) increased incidence of mitral valve prolapse in panic patients, and (c) normal suppressibility of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortical endocrine system with dexamethasone in panic patients. Other less-certain findings include (a) increased circulating concentrations of plasma ACTH and/or cortisol, and prolactin, in panic patients, (b) increased platelet monoamine oxidase activity in generalized anxiety and/or panic patients, (c) decreased gonadal axis activity in some anxious individuals, (d) decreased nighttime melatonin plasma concentrations in panic patients, and (e) peripheral alpha 2 and beta-adrenoreceptor down-regulation, with normal serotonin binding parameters. These findings, taken together, provide tentative support for dysfunction in adrenergic and GABAergic central nervous system mechanisms in people with anxiety disorders. Abnormal anxiety and normal stress both show evidence of adrenergic hyperactivity; however, there appear to be differences in hormonal profiles, especially the apparent lack of increase of epinephrine during panic attacks, as well as differences in the reactivity of the system, and in the "trigger" mechanisms which determine when the response occurs.

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“…Researchers have also investigated the relationships between anxiety and the dimensions of extraversion and neuroticism in students [Bull and Strongman, 1971;De and Singh, 1972;Fremont et al, 1970;Inam et al, 2003;Loo, 1979;Richman and Nelsongray, 1994;Stewart et al, 2005] and in clinical settings [Bianchi and Fergusson, 1977;Corominas et al, 2002;Fullana et al, 2004;Goorney, 1970;Kelly and Walter, 1969;Kerr et al, 1970;Marks, 1967;Mavissakalian et al, 1993;Sangal et al, 1983;Xie and Wu, 2003], the dimension of neuroticism alone in twins [Hettema et al, 2004;Martin et al, 1988] and in the general population [Henderson et al, 1998;Issakidis and Andrews, 2002], and, with an abbreviated scale, the dimensions of extraversion and neuroticism in the general population [Goodwin et al, 2002].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship of neuroticism and extraversion to symptoms of anxiety and depression in the general population

2006

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Few studies have investigated the relationship of the personality dimensions of neuroticism and extraversion to the symptoms of depression and anxiety in the general population. A random general population sample (ages 20-70 years), from two Finnish cities was surveyed with the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). In addition, questions regarding diagnosed lifetime mental disorders, health care use for psychiatric reasons in the past 12 months, and history of mental disorders in first-degree relatives were posed. Among the 441 subjects who participated, neuroticism correlated strongly with symptoms of depression (r(s)=.71, P<.001) and anxiety (r(s)=.69, P<.001), and somewhat with self-reported lifetime mental disorder (r(s)=.30, P<.001) and health care use for psychiatric reasons in the past 12 months (r(s)=.24, P<.001). Extraversion correlated negatively with symptoms of depression (r(s)=-.47, P<.001), anxiety (r(s)=-.36, P<.001), self-reported lifetime mental disorder (r(s)=-.17, P<.001), and health care use for psychiatric reasons in the past 12 months (r(s)=-.14, P=.004). In multiple regression models, even after adjusting for gender, age, and education, BDI scores were significantly associated with neuroticism, extraversion, and age, whereas BAI scores were associated only with neuroticism. Neuroticism is strongly associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms, and intraversion is moderately associated with depressive symptoms in the urban general population. The relationship of these personality dimensions to both self-reported lifetime mental disorders and use of health services for psychiatric reasons strengthens the clinical validity of these personality dimensions.

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A Clinical and Physiological Relationship between Anxiety and Depression

Cited by 45 publications

References 7 publications

Orienting Response Research in Schizophrenia: Where We Have Come and Where We Might Go

Orienting Response Research in Schizophrenia: Where We Have Come and Where We Might Go

Systemic hormonal and physiological abnormalities in anxiety disorders

The relationship of neuroticism and extraversion to symptoms of anxiety and depression in the general population

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