A circumplex model of affect.

Russell, James A.

doi:10.1037/h0077714

Cited by 12,242 publications

(9,079 citation statements)

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“…Some dimensional theories explicitly state that the origin of the emotion-space is neutral (Russell, 1980), and, therefore, predict that the mid-point of continua passing near to or through the origin of the emotion space might be more readily seen as neutral rather than emotional. Therefore, we reasoned that the abrupt discontinuities and absence of mid-continuum intrusions noted in the identification curves for Experiment 1 might not be found if this (neutral) choice was available.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is important because we noted that other two-dimensional accounts, such as Russell's (1980) circumplex model, do use different dimensions and hence postulate slightly different positioning of some emotions. There can thus be differences in the precise predictions made by different variants of two-dimensional accounts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…1a. A modern variant of this idea is the Russell (1980) circumplex model, in which more extreme degrees of an emotion fall around the edge of a two-dimensional emotion space encoding orthogonal bipolar dimensions of pleasure and arousal, with milder emotions falling more toward the centre.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Facial expression megamix: Tests of dimensional and category accounts of emotion recognition

et al. 1997

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We report four experiments investigating the perception of photographic quality continua of interpolated ('morphed') facial expressions derived from prototypes of the 6 emotions in the Ekman and Friesen (1976) series (happiness, surprise, fear, sadness, disgust and anger). In Experiment 1, morphed images made from all possible pairwise combinations of expressions were presented in random order; subjects identified these as belonging to distinct expression categories corresponding to the prototypes at each end of the relevant continuum. This result was replicated in Experiment 2, which also included morphs made from a prototype with a neutral expression, and allowed 'neutral' as a response category. These findings are inconsistent with the view that facial expressions are recognised by locating them along two underlying dimensions, since such a view predicts that at least some transitions between categories should involve neutral regions or identification as a different emotion. Instead, they suggest that facial expressions of basic emotions are recognised by their fit to discrete categories. Experiment 3 used continua involving 6 emotions to demonstrate best discrimination of pairs of stimuli falling across category boundaries; this provides further evidence of categorical perception of facial expressions of emotion. However, in both Experiment 1 and Experiment 2, reaction time data showed that increasing distance from the prototype had a definite cost on ability to identify emotion in the resulting morphed face. Moreover, Experiment 4 showed that subjects had some insight into which emotions were blended to create specific morphed images. Hence, categorical perception effects were found even though subjects were sensitive to physical properties of these morphed facial expressions. We suggest that rapid classification of prototypes and better across boundary discriminability reflect the underlying organisation of human categorisation abilities.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Facial expression megamix: Tests of dimensional and category accounts of emotion recognition

et al. 1997

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“…In Watson andTellegen's (1985, 1999) dimensional model, and in Russell's (1980Russell's ( , 2003 circumplex as well, anger and fear appear at virtually the same place: high in activation and negative in valence. Why do these affects align so closely, if they are not produced by the same system?…”

Section: Why Are Anger and Fear So Closely Related?mentioning

confidence: 97%

Anger is an approach-related affect: Evidence and implications.

Carver¹,

Harmon‐Jones²

2009

Psychological Bulletin

1,370

1,165

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The authors review a range of evidence concerning the motivational underpinnings of anger as an affect, with particular reference to the relationship between anger and anxiety or fear. The evidence supports the view that anger relates to an appetitive or approach motivational system, whereas anxiety relates to an aversive or avoidance motivational system. This evidence appears to have 2 implications. One implication concerns the nature of anterior cortical asymmetry effects. The evidence suggests that such asymmetry reflects direction of motivational engagement (approach vs. withdrawal) rather than affective valence. The other implication concerns the idea that affects form a purely positive dimension and a purely negative dimension, which reflect the operation of appetitive and aversive motivational systems, respectively. The evidence reviewed does not support that view. The evidence is, however, consistent with a discrete-emotions view (which does not rely on dimensionality) and with an alternative dimensional approach.Keywords: anger, approach, appetitive system, avoidance, threat system Recent years have seen a surge of interest in emotional experience (e.g., Barrett, Niedenthal, & Winkielman, 2005;Dalgleish & Power, 1999;Davidson, Scherer, & Goldsmith, 2003;Frijda, 2007; Lane & Nadel, 2000;Lewis & Haviland-Jones, 2000;Ortony, Clore, & Collins, 1988;Panksepp, 1998; Rottenberg & Johnson, 2007; Scherer, Schorr, & Johnstone, 2001). Views of emotion vary considerably, in several respects. As one example, some people view emotions as a set of distinct modular entities, often considered basic emotions (e.g., Ekman, 1992;Izard, 1991;Izard & Ackerman, 2000;Levenson, 1994Levenson, , 1999Panksepp, 1998;Roseman, 1991). Others hold that affects are best understood by reference to underlying dimensions (e.g., Barrett, 2006;Cacioppo, Gardner, & Berntson, 1999;Carver & Scheier, 1998;Davidson, 1998;Gray, 1994a;Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 1992Russell, 2003;Russell & Carroll, 1999a, 1999bWatson, Wiese, Vaidya, & Tellegen, 1999;Yik, Russell, & Barrett, 1999). AngerThis article focuses on one specific affect-anger. Specifically, it addresses the relationship of this affect to broad motivational tendencies of approach and avoidance, and it considers implications of that relationship for two areas of thought and research. We begin with a few words about definitions.Sometimes the terms affect, feeling, and emotion are treated as interchangeable (e.g., Isen, 2000); sometimes they are distinguished from each other (e.g., Fredrickson, 2001;. Affect is generally used to imply a hedonic experience, a sense of valence, a subjective sense of positivity or negativity arising from an event. When many use the word emotion, it is with that sense in mind. As Frijda (2000) put it, "For many theorists, the essence of emotion is feeling, and notably 'affect,' here used in the sense of a feeling of pleasure or pain . . . ." (p. 63). As Ortony et al. (1988) put it, emotions are ". . valenced reactions to events, agents, or objects . ." (p. 13). T...

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“…Anxiety represents a state of high arousal and negative valence 6 , and results in enhanced vigilance in the absence of an immediate threat 7 . Occasional anxiety is a normal aspect of the emotional repertoire, and aids survival by increasing awareness and enabling rapid responses to possible hazards.…”

Section: Anxiety Disorders: Too Much Of a Normal Thingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resolving the neural circuits of anxiety

2015

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Although anxiety disorders represent a major societal problem demanding new therapeutic targets, these efforts have languished in the absence of a mechanistic understanding of this subjective emotional state. While it is impossible to know with absolute certainty the subjective experience of a rodent, rodent models hold promise in dissecting wellconserved limbic circuits. The application of modern approaches in neuroscience has already begun to unmask the neural circuit intricacies underlying anxiety by allowing direct examination of hypotheses drawn from existing psychological concepts. This information points toward an updated conceptual model for what neural circuit perturbations could give rise to pathological anxiety, and thereby provides a roadmap for future therapeutic development.3

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A circumplex model of affect.

Cited by 12,242 publications

References 56 publications

Facial expression megamix: Tests of dimensional and category accounts of emotion recognition

Facial expression megamix: Tests of dimensional and category accounts of emotion recognition

Anger is an approach-related affect: Evidence and implications.

Resolving the neural circuits of anxiety

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