A Circular Economy for Phosphorus in Sweden—Is it Possible?

Abstract

More sustainable management of phosphorus requires comprehensive understanding of phosphorus stocks and flows. With the purpose of shedding light on the possibilities for an increased level of recirculation of phosphorus in Sweden, phosphorus flows entering and exiting biomass production sectors were quantified along with waste flows, that is, flows that are not currently utilized in biomass production. Relevant waste flows were also characterized in terms of phosphorus concentration, plant availability, contamination and geo-spatial distribution. The theoretical recirculation potential of phosphorus in Sweden was then estimated. The results indicate that there is a large potential for making phosphorus management more circular, especially regarding the utilization of phosphorus in sewage sludge as well as wood ashes from the forestry sector. Moreover, there is a large amount of phosphorus in mining waste that could potentially be used for fertilizer production. It is concluded that the amount of phosphorus in flows fit for recirculation in forestry could more or less balance today’s output. In agriculture, however, recirculation can only sufficiently replace imported mineral phosphorus at current demand if the phosphorus in mining waste is utilized. Thus, if the goal is to replace all of the mineral phosphorus, the agricultural sector also has to become much more efficient in its phosphorus usage.

Phosphorus Recovery Methods from Secondary Resources, Assessment of Overall Benefits and Barriers with Focus on the Nordic Countries

“…A huge potential of P-recovery exists in Sweden from accumulated mining waste; 1,500,000 tons of P. This amount indicates a high possibility for P-recovery in comparison to other flows in Sweden [40]. Mining waste is economically and environmentally relevant for valorization and resource recovery based on many reasons.…”

“…Circular economy of P reduces reliance on imports and increases national security [12]. More circular P-flows are essential for economies to secure food production and mitigate eutrophication [40]. For example, the EU 28 consumed 1.1 million tons of P fertilizers in 2018 [25] while only 3% of it is produced in the EU [26].…”